97 research outputs found
Monitoring and optimization of energy consumption of base transceiver stations
The growth and development of the mobile phone network has led to an
increased demand for energy by the telecommunications sector, with a noticeable
impact on the environment. Monitoring of energy consumption is a great tool for
understanding how to better manage this consumption and find the best strategy
to adopt in order to maximize reduction of unnecessary usage of electricity.
This paper reports on a monitoring campaign performed on six Base Transceiver
Stations (BSs) located central Italy, with different technology, typology and
technical characteristics. The study focuses on monitoring energy consumption
and environmental parameters (temperature, noise, and global radiation),
linking energy consumption with the load of telephone traffic and with the air
conditioning functions used to cool the transmission equipment. Moreover, using
experimental data collected, it is shown, with a Monte Carlo simulation based
on power saving features, how the BS monitored could save energy.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure
Heat flows and energetic behavior of a telecommunication radio base station
This paper shows a study on energetic consumption of BTSs (Base Transceiver
Stations) for mobile communication, related to conditioning functions. An
energetic "thermal model" of a telecommunication station is proposed and
studied. The results have been validated with a BTS in central Italy, showing
good agreement. Findings show a substantial high internal-external temperature
difference in the containing shelter, particularly during daytime and warm
months, due to sources of heat (equipment, external temperature and sun
radiation) and to the difficulty in spread the warmth out. The necessity to
keep the operating temperatures within a given range for the correct
functioning of the electronic equipment requires the use of conditioning
setups, and this significantly increases the energetic demand of the whole
system. The analysis of thermal flows across the shelter can help to gather
further data on its temperature behavior and to devise practical measures to
lower the power demand, while keeping the operating parameters in the suggested
ranges. The investigation of some operating parameters of the equipment and of
the shelter, such as threshold set-points, air vent area, external wall
transmittance and reflectivity, suggests annual energy savings between 10% and
30%.Comment: 18 pages, 12 figure
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Time and motion study for alternative mixed low-level waste treatment systems
The time and motion study was developed to look at time-related aspects of the technologies and systems studied in the Integrated Thermal Treatment Systems (ITTS) and Integrated Nonthermal Treatment Systems (INTS) studies. The INTS and ITTS studies combined technologies into systems and subsystems for evaluation. The system approach provides DOE a method of measuring advantages and disadvantages of the many technologies currently being researched. For example, technologies which are more likely to create secondary waste or require extensive pretreatment handling may be less desirable than technologies which require less support from other processes. The time and motion study was designed to address the time element in the INTS and ITTS systems studies. Previous studies have focused on material balance, cost, technical effectiveness, regulatory issues, community acceptance, and operability. This study looks at system dynamics by estimating the treatment time required for a unit of waste, from receipt to certification for shipping. Labor estimates are also developed, based on the time required to do each task for each process. This focus on time highlights critical path processes and potential bottlenecks in the INTS and ITTS systems
Energy and environmental aspects of mobile communication systems
The reduction of the energy consumptions of a Telecommunication Power System
represents one of the critical factors of the telecommunication technologies,
both to allow a sizeable saving of economic resources and to realize
"sustainable" development actions. The consumption of about one hundred base
stations for mobile phones were monitored for a total of over one thousand
days, in order to study the energy consumption in relation to the
environmental, electric and logistics parameters of the stations themselves. It
was possible to survey, then, the role of the mobile communication systems in
the general national energy framework and to plot the best areas of
intervention for saving energy and improving the environmental impact, showing
the role played by air conditioning and transmission equipments. Finally, new
transmission algorithms and the use of renewable energy based techniques have
been tested.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure
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Integrated nonthermal treatment system study
This report presents the results of a study of nonthermal treatment technologies. The study consisted of a systematic assessment of five nonthermal treatment alternatives. The treatment alternatives consist of widely varying technologies for safely destroying the hazardous organic components, reducing the volume, and preparing for final disposal of the contact-handled mixed low-level waste (MLLW) currently stored in the US Department of Energy complex. The alternatives considered were innovative nonthermal treatments for organic liquids and sludges, process residue, soil and debris. Vacuum desorption or various washing approaches are considered for treatment of soil, residue and debris. Organic destruction methods include mediated electrochemical oxidation, catalytic wet oxidation, and acid digestion. Other methods studied included stabilization technologies and mercury separation of treatment residues. This study is a companion to the integrated thermal treatment study which examined 19 alternatives for thermal treatment of MLLW waste. The quantities and physical and chemical compositions of the input waste are based on the inventory database developed by the US Department of Energy. The Integrated Nonthermal Treatment Systems (INTS) systems were evaluated using the same waste input (2,927 pounds per hour) as the Integrated Thermal Treatment Systems (ITTS). 48 refs., 68 figs., 37 tabs
Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 15
In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of vascular flora alien to Italy are presented. It includes new records, confirmations, exclusions for Italy or for Italian administrative regions. Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrections are provided as Suppl. material 1
Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 7
In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of vascular flora alien to Italy are presented. It includes new records, confirmations, and status changes for Italy or for Italian administrative regions of taxa in the genera Abies, Actinidia, Alooe, Amaryllis, Anredera, Arctotheca, Bidens, Cardiospermum, Celosia, Commelina, Cotoneaster, Cyclamen, Eclipta, Euphorbia, Grevillea, Hedera, Hibiscus, Impatiens, Juglans, Kalanchoe, Koelreuteria, Lindernia, Melinis, Myriophyllum, Nandina, Nicotiana, Oenothera, Oxalis, Parthenocissus, Phoenix, Phyllanthus, Physalis, Plumbago, Pteris, Quercus, Setaria, Symphytum, Tagetes, and Washingtonia. Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere are provided as Suppl. material 1
Low incidence of SARS-CoV-2, risk factors of mortality and the course of illness in the French national cohort of dialysis patients
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