A Note on the Late Wittgenstein"s Use of the Picture Concept

In the following I wish to draw your attention to two related\ud ideas that occur in Wittgenstein"s later writings. In making\ud this emphasis I am at the same time claiming a certain\ud continuity in Wittgenstein"s thought – a continuity of a quite\ud particular kind. The argument that I shall present in the\ud following can be summarised under three points: 1. in both\ud his early and his late writings, Wittgenstein makes a\ud natural-historical claim that, as humans, we are picturecreating\ud and picture-using creatures; 2. the crucial analogy\ud between the picture and the sentence that appears in the\ud Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is retained in Wittgenstein"s\ud later descriptions of language; and 3. the use of this\ud analogy serves two diametrically opposed purposes when\ud considered in relation to religious language, whereby the\ud earlier use determines the propositions of natural science\ud and delimits these from religious propositions, and the later\ud use of the analogy provides the impetus for a grammatical\ud investigation of religious language and religious beliefs

Minimizing the Dick Effect in an Optical Lattice Clock

We discuss the minimization of the Dick effect in an optical lattice clock. We show that optimizing the time sequence of operation of the clock can lead to a significant reduction of the clock stability degradation by the frequency noise of the interrogation laser. By using a non-destructive detection of the atoms, we are able to recycle most of the atoms between cycles and consequently to strongly reduce the time spent capturing the atoms in each cycle. With optimized parameters, we expect a fractional Allan deviation better than 2E-16$\tau^{-1/2}$ for the lattice clock.Comment: 6 pages, 10 figures. Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Contro

The vividness of the past: a retrospect on the West German Historikerstreit in the mid-1980s

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Teaching and Professional Fellowship Report 2007/08 : Combining student, staff, industry skills and experiences, to facilitate a commercial venture

Having visited a number of international trade fairs for fashion and homeware, staff and students involved with Surface Design courses at LCC had begun to realise the importance for our students and emerging young designers to be represented at such occasions. Encouraged by students’ enthusiasm, we decided to exhibit at Indigo, part of Premier Vision, which is an international trade fair recognised by the fashion textiles trade, held in Paris twice a year. Indigo is where individual designs are sold to fashion houses and manufacturers. It attracts a diverse audience of buyers and agents for a variety of products, and its reputation ensures a well attended show

Wage and Labor Mobility in Denmark, 1980-2000

This paper consists of three parts. First, we briefly describe some key features of the labor market in Denmark, some of which contribute to the Danish labor markets behaving quite differently from those in many other European countries. The next two parts exploit detailed linked employer-employee data. In the second part we document in some detail an important aspect of the functioning and flexibility of the labor markets in Denmark: the high level of worker mobility. We show that mobility is about as high, or even higher, as in the highly fluid U.S. labor market. Finally, we describe and examine the wage structure between and within firms and changes therein since 1980, especially with an eye on possible impacts of the trend towards a more decentralized wage determination. The shift towards decentralized wage bargaining has coincided with deregulation and increased product market competition. The evidence is, however, not consistent with stronger competition in product markets eroding firm-specific rents. Hence, the prime suspect is the change in wage setting institutions.

Electrons in a closed galaxy model of cosmic rays

The consistency of positrons and electrons was studied using a propagation model in which the cosmic rays are stopped by nuclear collisions or energy losses before they can escape from the galaxy (the closed-galaxy model). The fact that no inconsistency was found between the predictions and the data implies that the protons which produce the positrons by nuclear reactions could have their origin in a large number of distant sources, as opposed to the heavier nuclei which in this model come from a more limited set of sources. The closed-galaxy model predicts steep electron and positron spectra at high energies. None of these are inconsistent with present measurements; but future measurements of the spectrum of high-energy positrons could provide a definite test for the model. The closed-galaxy model also predicts that the interstellar electron intensity below a few GeV is larger than that implied by other models. The consequence of this result is that electron bremsstrahlung is responsible for about 50% of the galactic gamma-ray emission at photon energies greater than 100 MeV

Job Creation and Destruction over the Business Cycles and the Impact on Individual Job Flows in Denmark 1980-2001

Job creation and destruction should be considered as key success or failure criteria of the economic policy. Job creation and destruction are both effects of economic policy, the degree of out- and in-sourcing, and the ability to create new ideas that can be transformed into jobs. Job creation and destruction are results of businesses attempting to maximize their economic outcome. One of the costs of this process is that employees have to move from destroyed jobs to created jobs. The development of this process probably depends on labor protection laws, habits, the educational system, and the whole UI-system. A flexible labor market ensures that scarce labor resources are used where they are most in demand. Thus, labor turnover is an essential factor in a well-functioning economy. This paper uses employer-employee data from the Danish registers of persons and workplaces to show where jobs have been destroyed and where they have been created over the last couple of business cycles. Jobs are in general destroyed and created simultaneously within each industry, but at the same time a major restructuring has taken place, so that jobs have been lost in Textile and Clothing, Manufacturing and the other “old industries”, while jobs have been created in Trade and Service industries. Out-sourcing has been one of the causes. This restructuring has caused a tremendous pressure on workers and their ability to find employment in expanding sectors. The paper shows how this has been accomplished. Especially, the paper shows what has happened to employees involved. Have they become unemployed, employed in the welfare sector or where?job creation and job destruction; turnover of personnel; duration of unemployment; and impact of business cycles

The Dispersion of Employees' Wage Increases and Firm Performance

In this contribution we examine the interrelation between intra-firm wage increases and firm performance. Previous studies have focused on the dispersion of wages in order to examine for the empirical dominance of positive monetary incentive effects compared to adverse effects due to fairness considerations. We argue that the dispersion of wage increases rather than wage levels is a crucial measure for monetary incentives in firms. The larger the dispersion of wage increases the higher the amount of monetary incentives in firms. In contrast, huge wage inequality without any promotion possibilities does not induce any monetary incentives. Evidence from unique Danish linked employer employee data shows that large dispersion of wage growth within firms is generally connected with low firm performance. The results are mainly driven by white collar rather than blue collar workers.Fairness, Firm performance, Inequality, Monetary Incentives, Wage increases, Wage Dispersion

Where did they go?

We study individual job-separations and their associated destination states for all individuals in the private sector in Denmark for the period 1980 to 1995 and account for the cyclical flows. We find that individual and workplace characteristics as well as business cycle effects are important in explaining the individual behaviour. In policy simulations we look at the impact on individual transitions. We find that structural and growth policies have different implications for the economy. Policy interventions with the purpose of preventing firm closures are argued to be inefficient.Business cycles; Job separations; Transition probabilities