Evaluation of Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolutionary Process of Groundwater in Jajarm Plain, Northeastern Iran

Jajarm Plain in the province of North Khorasan is located, in terms of structural zoning, in the north of the central desert basin and in the south of the Alborz mountain range. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the evolutionary process of groundwater resources and hydrogeochemical characteristics of water resources of Jajarm plain. To achieve this goal, 20 water samples were taken from the plain wells and physical parameters such as pH, TDS, EC, and salinity were measured in situ using multimeter. In addition, the chemical properties of the surface water entering the plain were also evaluated. The hydrogeochemical analysis was carried out in the laboratory through induction plasma method, the statistical analysis and modeling were performed in Chemistry and AqQA software environment. According to the Piper chart, most of the groundwater in this plain was a part of the sodic and chloride type facies, and in some examples, the sodic facies and the sulfate type. Chemical analysis of water entering the aquifer of Jajarm plain showed that the sources of ions entering the plain of Jajarm were affected by the lithology of rocks and sediments that were exposed to weathering for a long time; hence, as the plain waters, due to the passage of the detrital evaporation formations of the third period (marl, salt gypsum, and marl limestone formation), have dissolved them and increased the ratio of Cl+ SO4> HCO. The results showed that the presence of rocks and minerals of carbonate (calcite), sulfate (gypsum) and silicate (tuff and detrital igneous rock) in the water passage has caused the scenarios of Ca>CO3 and Ca+Mg>CO3. Based on the calculations, it was found that the evolutionary trend of water samples in this plain, if not properly managed, will lead to the formation of SO₄>Mg ratio, which will probably lead to the formation of sodium carbonates and halites in the future, and also eventually rising EC and the emergence of saline in the Jajarm plain in the future

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors 2017 includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. METHODS: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data.; We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs s1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury

Application of response surface methodology for optimization of lead removal from an aqueous solution by a novel superparamagnetic nanocomposite

The present study focuses on the response surface methodology (RSM) for the optimization of lead removal from an aqueous solution by a novel superparamagnetic nanocomposite. A rotatable central composite design and the response surface methodology were used to conduct and to analyze the experiments, respectively. The adsorption process was investigated as a function of the four factors consisting of pH (4.0–6.0), temperature (20℃–60℃), initial lead concentration (10–90 mg/L) and adsorbent dosage (0.2–1.0 g/L). The maximum lead adsorption capacity was obtained to be 124.955 mg/g under the optimal conditions of 5.49, 60℃, 89.08 mg/L, and 0.48 g/L for the solution pH, temperature, initial lead ion concentration, and the adsorbent dosage, respectively. The desirability function was used to find an optimum point where the desired conditions could be obtained. The superparamagnetic nanocomposite could be used as an adsorbent for the removal of toxic heavy metals from water and wastewater

Effect of pH on Lead Removal from Aqueous Solution by Fungus Mucor Indicus

Biological methods of metal removal from aqueous solutions, defined as biosorption, have been recommended as cheaper and more effective techniques. Biosorption of lead by dead Mucor indicus biomass treated with NaOH was studied over a range of pH. The pH plays an important role on biosorption. Low pH resulted in a decrease in the biosorption capacity. At pH 3.0 or higher, the biosorption of lead ions increased sharply. Under these conditions, optimal pH=5.5 was obtained. The Ho’s pseudo-second-order model described the biosorption kinetics, and the equilibrium data could be fitted by Langmuir isotherm equation. The pH values were increased at the end of reaction procedure

Highly Efficient Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells on Polyethylene Terephthalate Films via Dual Halide and Low‐Dimensional Interface Engineering for Indoor Photovoltaics

Flexible perovskite solar cells are lightweight, bendable, and applicable to curved surfaces. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has become the substrate of choice compared to other plastic substrates like polyethylene naphthalate. PET is not only stable but also much cheaper to manufacture, an important factor for photovoltaics (PV). Herein, highly efficient devices on PET are demonstrated using a dual low-temperature (& LE;100 & DEG;C) approach, first by anion mixing (replacing I with Br) of the lead-containing perovskite composition, increasing bandgap (42% improvement), and then by interfacial engineering with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) (a further 26% improvement), reaching efficiencies of 28.9% at 200 lx and a record 32.5% at 1000 lx. The TBA(+) cation intercalates into the structure, substituting formamidinium cations at the perovskite/TBAB interface, inducing the formation of large-sized, lower dimensional structures over the 3D perovskite matrix. The resulting PV cell has 1.4 times higher carrier lifetime, one order of magnitude lower leakage currents, and 3 times lower defect densities, suppressing recombination. Importantly, stability (ISOS-D1 protocol) improves by more than double with treatment. Highly efficient and stable cells on PET films enable seamless integration with wearable, portable, smart building, and Internet of Things electronic devices, expanding the reach of indoor applications