Uticaj fungicida za tretiranje semena na klijavost ječma

The application of chemicals, such as fungicides for seed treatment, is one of the most reliable and perhaps most efficient measures for integrated preservation of crops, and its practicing has become a legal obligation for all seed producers. This investigation was carried out in the laboratory for seed quality and phytopathology of the Small Grains Research Center in Kragujevac. The objective was to establish the effect of fungicides on germination energy and seed germinability (determined after treatments). Two varieties were tested due to a possibility of specific sensitivities of some varieties, so that the results acquired on one variety would not necessarily be valid for another one. Fungicides based on active ingredients from the triasol chemical group had different effects on the energy of germination of barley seeds. Applying Raxil S040-FS, the average germination of barley seeds was 79.3% for the variety Record, and 91.3% for the Grand variety. The variety Record achieved a lower value than the minimum for barley seed germination (88%) stipulated by the Rules on Seed Quality of Agricultural Crops. Regardless of barley type, the product Raxil S040-FS showed a statistically significant effect on the number of atypical seedlings and increase in the number of non-germinated seeds, compared to the control.Primena hemijskih mera, kao što je tretiranje semena fungicidima, predstavlja jedan od najpouzdanijih i, možda, najefikasnijih mera integralne zaštite useva, zbog čega je ovo i zakonska obaveza svih proizvođača semenske robe. Ispitivanja su izvedena u laboratoriji za ispitivanje kvaliteta semena i fitopatologiju u Centru za strna žita u Kragujevcu. Cilj ispitivanja je bio da se utvrdi uticaj fungicida na energiju klijanja i klijavost semena koje je određeno odmah posle tretiranja. U ispitivanju su bile uključene dve sorte, jer postoji mogućnost postojanja specifične osetljivosti nekih sorata i rezultati dobijeni na jednoj sorti ne moraju važiti i za druge sorte. Na energiju klijanja semena ječma utvrđen je različiti uticaj fungicida aktivnih materija iz hemijske grupe triazola. Primenom preparata Raxil S 040-FS dobijena je prosečna klijavost semena ječma kod sorte Rekord od 79,3%, a kod sorte Grand 91,3%. Vrednost dobijena kod sorte Rekord je niža od minimalne propisane vrednosti za klijavost ječma (88%) koju propisuje Pravilnik o kvalitetu semena poljoprivrednog bilja. Nezavisno od sorte ječma preparat Raxil S 040-FS je u odnosu na kontrolu pokazao statistički značajan uticaj na broj atipičnih klijanaca i na povećanje broja neklijalog semena

Photoelectrochemical properties of sol–gel obtained titanium oxide

The photoelectrochemical properties of a sol–gel prepared titanium oxide coating applied onto a Ti substrate were investigated. The oxide coating was formed from an inorganic sol thermally treated in air at 350 °C. The coating consisted of agglomerates of narrow size distribution around 100 nm. The photoelectrochemical characteristics were evaluated by investigating the changes in the open circuit potential, current transients and impedance characteristics of a Ti/TiO2 electrode upon illumination by UV light in H2SO4 solution and in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The electrode was found to be active for photoelectrochemical reactions in the investigated solutions

The overview on the fumonisins presence in durum wheat in Serbia during the period 2015-2019

Durum wheat is a cereal with high range of vitamins, minerals and other nutritional compounds which are important in human nutrition. Durum wheat selection programs in Serbia are smaller in scope compared to bread wheat, but this does not diminish their importance. Good grain quality is essential for the grinding and food industry. Therefore, it is important that durum wheat is safe to consume. Fumonisins are mycotoxins synthesized mainly by fungi of the genus Fusarium. These toxins occur usually in maize and maize products, although their presence has also been reported in other cereals such as wheat and barley. In a five years period, 2015-2019, durum wheat samples were tested for the presence of fumonisin. Samples were collected from different plots in the Zemun Polje. Each year, 10 randomly selected durum wheat grain samples were tested. The grains were dried, ground and analyzed for the presence of fumonisin. The analysis was performed by ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) using a kit for fumonisin, Tecna, Italy. The highest concentrations of fumonisin were recorded in 2016 when the values ranged 30.602-43.930 ppm. Medium concentrations (8.872-18.477 ppm) of synthesized fumonisin were recorded in 2015, while in other years (2017, 2018 and 2019) fumonisins were observed in low concentrations (0.024-6.124 ppm). Since previous analyzes have shown that fumonisins are present in durum wheat every year, it is necessary to continue monitoring their appearance in durum wheat, as well as in other small grains

Occurrence of toxigenic fungi on spelt grain with special reference to Aspergillus species

In recent years, public attention has increasingly focused on the production and consumption of high quality safe food. Changes in the dietary trend have influenced the formation of specific market requirements that have led to the fact that in the diet are increasingly used alternative cereals of high nutritional value, in addition to conventional. The ancient wheat species spelt [Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta (L.) Thell.] has a growing interest due to its various health benefits. Due to its biological and agronomic characteristics, spelt takes an important place among alternative cereals. The aim of this study was to investigate the natural occurrence of pathogenic and toxigenic fungi on seven breeding lines of spelt grains in 2021 grown in Zemun Polje, Serbia. Based on morphological properties (colony and spore appearance) it was determined that breeding line 6337 was the least infected (2,2%) and that the peeled grains had a lower degree of infection compared to grains with glumes. Glumes have been shown to be a physical protection against pathogens. Mycological analyses confirmed the presence Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp. which were the most prevalent. Considering the average values, the most frequent were Aspergillus section Nigri (1,64%). Significance of Aspergillus section Nigri is reflected not only in the deterioration of spelt grain yield, quality and large economic losses but also in the fact that many species of this genus produce toxic metabolites (mycotoxins), which are harmful to human and animal health. Climate change and high adaptability and resistance of toxigenic Aspergillus species are cited as the reason for this phenomenon

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Electronic Sources of Information for Social Sciences in Serbia

The paper provides an overview of relevant electronic sources of information for social sciences available to scholars and researchers as well as to the wide public in Serbia. The body of the paper describes a relevant and unavoidable information source - the COBISS (Cooperative Online Bibliographic System and Services) comprising data from 129 domestic libraries, among which are also the National Library, the central University Library and departmental libraries attached to social sciences faculties. Special attention is paid to the most important information system for teaching and research in the country - the KOBSON (Serbian Library Consortium for Coordinated Acquisition) which allows for the open access to a large number of scientific journals in full text (about 35 000), electronic books (about 40 000), as well as to bases of summaries and citations, comprising in addition to Serbian National SCIndex also a large number of foreign databases for social sciences (JSTOR, Emerald, EBSCO, Science Direct, SAGE, Oxford, Cambridge and other). In the conclusion of the paper it is claimed that the library community of Serbia by making available a wide range of information sources, makes considerable contribution to the advancement and speed of scientific and practitioner's communication, and also raises the awareness of the public relating to the importance of taking more active part in the social life of the country.unpublishe

Conception to set up a new groundwater monitoring network in Serbia

The Water Framework Directive of the European Union (WFD) adopted in year 2000. outlines number of water policy and management actions, where monitoring is of primary importance. Following WFD principles Serbia adopted new legislation in water sector aiming to conserve or achieve good ecological, chemical and quantitative status of water resources. Serbia, as most of the countries of former Yugoslavia mostly uses groundwater for drinking water supply (over 75%). However, the current situation in monitoring of groundwater quality and quantity is far from satisfactory. Several hundred piezometers for observation of groundwater level under auspices of the Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia are located mostly in alluviums of major rivers, while some 70 piezometers are used by the Serbian Environmental Protection Agency for controlling groundwater quality. Currently only 20% of delineated groundwater bodies are under observation. This paper evaluates current conditions and proposes to expand national monitoring network to cover most of groundwater bodies or their groups, to raise number of observation points to a density of ca. 1 object /200 km2 and to include as much as possible actual waterworks in this network. Priority in selecting sites for new observation piezometers or springs has to be given to groundwater bodies under threats, either to their water reserves or their water chemical quality. For the former, an assessment of available renewable reserves versus exploitation capacity is needed, while to estimate pressures on water quality, the best way is to compare aquifers’ vulnerability against anthropogenic (diffuse and punctual) hazards. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 176022