Formulaciones de nim para el control de larvas de Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) en maíz.

Las larvas de Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) son una de las principales plagas subterráneas de varios cultivos y su principal hospedero es el maíz (Zea mays). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de extracto de nim formulado en aceite y extracto de nim en micro encapsulación para el control de larvas de D. speciosa, así como el efecto de la aplicación de las distintas formulaciones en el desarrollo de las plantas de maíz. En el primer experimento, las dosis 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; y 4,0 mL de extracto de nim formulado en aceite fueron aplicadas por 25 g de suelo y comparadas con el insecticida fipronil WG y agua desionizada (control). En el segundo experimento, las dosis 160, 80, 40, 20 y 10 mg de extracto de nim en formulación micro encapsulada fueron aplicadas por 25 g de suelo, y comparadas con los controles. Ambas formulaciones de nim fueron tan eficientes como el insecticida fipronil WG en el control de larvas de D. speciosa. Las dosis evaluadas de las formulaciones de nim no interfieren negativamente en el desarrollo de las plantas de maíz. Se concluye que, a partir de los resultados de esta investigación y bajo condiciones de laboratorio, las formulaciones extracto de nim formulado en aceite y extracto de nim en micro encapsulación son promisoras para el control de larvas de D. speciosa en maíz, beneficiando el manejo sustentable de plagas

Feeding preference of <i>Cerotoma arcuata</i> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults for leaves and pods of soybean cultivars

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a preferência alimentar de adultos de Cerotoma arcuata (Olivier) por folhas e vagens de seis cultivares diferentes de soja. Os testes foram realizados em laboratório, em condições controladas de temperatura, umidade e fotofase. Nos testes de preferência alimentar, foram utilizadas as seis cultivares de soja, sendo num ensaio oferecidos discos foliares, e no outro, vagens. Em ambos os testes, com e sem chance de escolha, foi liberado um adulto de C. arcuata por cultivar. As cultivares utilizadas inicialmente como padrões de resistência e suscetibilidade, IAC 100 e BRSGO 8360, respectivamente, foram mantidas para avaliar a preferência da vaquinha por partes da planta de soja, folhas ou vagens. Avaliou-se a atratividade dos insetos ás cultivares e partes da planta de soja em períodos de tempo pré-estabelecidos, além da porcentagem de consumo. Nos ensaios preliminares, não se observou manifestação de resistência nas seis cultivares avaliadas. Porém, a partir da seleção das cultivares quanto á tendência de menor e maior consumo, verificou-se que BRSGO 8360 foi menos consumida por adultos de C. arcuata quando comparado a IAC 100, e as vaquinhas preferem se alimentar de folhas de soja em relação ás vagens.This work aimed to evaluate the feeding preference of Cerotoma arcuata (Olivier) adults for leaves and pods of different soybean cultivars. Trials were carried out in laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity and photophase. In the feeding preference tests, six soybean cultivars were used, offering leaf discs in the first assay and pods in the second. In both free and no-choice tests, one C. arcuata adult was released per cultivar. The cultivars used as resistant and susceptible patterns, IAC 100 and BRSGO 8360, respectively, were maintained to evaluate the leaf beetle preference for parts of soybean plant, leaves or pods. The insect attractiveness to the cultivars and parts of soybean plant was evaluated in predetermined periods of time, in addition to the consumption percentage. In the preliminary assays, the expression of resistance was not observed in the six assessed cultivars. However, from the screening regarding the tendency of higher and lower consumption, we observed that BRSGO 8360 was less consumed by C. arcuata adults than IAC 100, and the leaf beetles prefer to feed soybean leaves in relation to pods.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Feeding preference of <i>Cerotoma arcuata</i> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults for leaves and pods of soybean cultivars

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a preferência alimentar de adultos de Cerotoma arcuata (Olivier) por folhas e vagens de seis cultivares diferentes de soja. Os testes foram realizados em laboratório, em condições controladas de temperatura, umidade e fotofase. Nos testes de preferência alimentar, foram utilizadas as seis cultivares de soja, sendo num ensaio oferecidos discos foliares, e no outro, vagens. Em ambos os testes, com e sem chance de escolha, foi liberado um adulto de C. arcuata por cultivar. As cultivares utilizadas inicialmente como padrões de resistência e suscetibilidade, IAC 100 e BRSGO 8360, respectivamente, foram mantidas para avaliar a preferência da vaquinha por partes da planta de soja, folhas ou vagens. Avaliou-se a atratividade dos insetos ás cultivares e partes da planta de soja em períodos de tempo pré-estabelecidos, além da porcentagem de consumo. Nos ensaios preliminares, não se observou manifestação de resistência nas seis cultivares avaliadas. Porém, a partir da seleção das cultivares quanto á tendência de menor e maior consumo, verificou-se que BRSGO 8360 foi menos consumida por adultos de C. arcuata quando comparado a IAC 100, e as vaquinhas preferem se alimentar de folhas de soja em relação ás vagens.This work aimed to evaluate the feeding preference of Cerotoma arcuata (Olivier) adults for leaves and pods of different soybean cultivars. Trials were carried out in laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity and photophase. In the feeding preference tests, six soybean cultivars were used, offering leaf discs in the first assay and pods in the second. In both free and no-choice tests, one C. arcuata adult was released per cultivar. The cultivars used as resistant and susceptible patterns, IAC 100 and BRSGO 8360, respectively, were maintained to evaluate the leaf beetle preference for parts of soybean plant, leaves or pods. The insect attractiveness to the cultivars and parts of soybean plant was evaluated in predetermined periods of time, in addition to the consumption percentage. In the preliminary assays, the expression of resistance was not observed in the six assessed cultivars. However, from the screening regarding the tendency of higher and lower consumption, we observed that BRSGO 8360 was less consumed by C. arcuata adults than IAC 100, and the leaf beetles prefer to feed soybean leaves in relation to pods.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Impact of COVID-19 In-hospital Mortality in Chagas Disease Patients

The COVID-19 virus infection caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil, in March 2020. Until the end of 2021, 504,399 COVID-19 cases were confirmed in RJ, and the total death toll reached 68,347. The Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases from Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI-Fiocruz) is a referral center for treatment and research of several infectious diseases, including COVID-19 and Chagas disease (CD). The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on in-hospital mortality of patients with CD during the COVID-19 pandemic period. This observational, retrospective, longitudinal study evaluated all patients with CD hospitalized at INI-Fiocruz from May 1, 2020, to November 30, 2021. One hundred ten hospitalizations from 81 patients with CD (58% women; 68 ± 11 years) were evaluated. Death was the study's main outcome, which occurred in 20 cases. The mixed-effects logistic regression was performed with the following variables to test whether patients admitted to the hospital with a COVID-19 diagnosis would be more likely to die than those admitted with other diagnoses: admission diagnosis, sex, age, COVID-19 vaccination status, CD clinical classification, and the number of comorbidities. Results from multiple logistic regression analysis showed a higher risk of in-hospital mortality in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (OR 6.37; 95% CI 1.78–22.86) compared to other causes of admissions. In conclusion, COVID-19 infection had a significant impact on the mortality risk of INI-Fiocruz CD patients, accounting for one-third of deaths overall. COVID-19 presented the highest percentage of death significantly higher than those admitted due to other causes during the COVID-19 pandemic

Physical activity levels during COVID-19 pandemic and its associated factors in patients with Chagas disease

BackgroundA better understanding of the consequences of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on lifestyle of patients with Chagas disease (ChD) is of paramount importance to facilitate the implementation of intervention strategies tailored to this specific population.ObjectiveThe present study aimed to evaluate the level of physical activity (PA) in Chagas disease (ChD) patients during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its main associated factors.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study with 187 patients of both sexes, aged ≥18 years, followed in a national infectious disease center (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The level of PA was determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short version and expressed in terms of total volume of physical activity (PA) (MET-minutes per week). Individuals were classified as physically active following the 2020 World Health Organization PA guideline. The exposure variables were age, sex, race, marital status, schooling, income per capita, number of rooms per domicile, number of residents per domicile, body mass index, clinical form of ChD, COVID-19 antibodies, comorbidities, self-reported anxiety, self-reported depression, self-reported fear, and self-reported sadness. The association between the exposure variables with total PA (as a continuous variable) was determined using univariate and multivariate linear regression models.ResultsMean age was 61.1 ± 11.6 years. Most (62%) were women and self-declared their race as mixed (50.8%). The percentage of physically active individuals according to was 52%. The variables independently associated with total PA levels were non-white race (Exp β = 1.39; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.90), dyslipidemia (Exp β = 0.73; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.95) and self-reported depression during quarantine (Exp β = 0.71; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.96).ConclusionNon-white race was positively associated with total levels of PA, while dyslipidemia, and self-reported depression during quarantine were negatively associated with total levels of PA. The identification of associated factors can facilitate the development of tailored strategies to increase PA levels ChD patients

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income&nbsp;countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was &lt;1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of&nbsp;countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school&#x2;aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit