EFECTIVIDAD DE FILTRADOS DE HONGOS PRESENTES EN FRUTOS DE MAÍZ (Zea mays L.) SOBRE FUSARIUM MONILIFORME

The maize fruits can be carrying of some fungi as Fusarium moniliforme, producer of micotoxinas, which can be highly toxic, therefore it is necessary to control its presence on the grain. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness on this pathogen of filtrates pure of fungi stablished in maize fruits. In fruit maize samples from Lara state, Yaracuy state and Portuguesa state, was obtained the micobiota (Aspergillus niger, A. ustus, A. heterotallicus, F. moniliforme and Trichoderma sp); these fungi were cultivated in PDA and once obtained the cultures on agar disc with micelia of each fungus was transferred to the Gliotoxin and Molasses-yeast liquid media and were placed in agitation, 2 hours daily by 15 days; the separation of micelia of the fungus was made leaking with the aid of filter paper and milipore filter. The filtrates were proved in 10-1, 10-2 and 10-3 dilutions against F. moniliforme. Secondary metabolites were determined. The results demonstrate significant differences when was proved with filtrates produced in the molasses-yeast media, obtaining a reduction of the micelial growth of F. moniliforme, being better A. ustus and A. niger treatments at the higher concentration, to A. heterothallicus y Trichoderma sp. the inhibition values were more stables in the three dilutions. Were detected weakly basic alkaloids, basic, quaternary ammonium salts, tannins and polifenoles in the filtrates.Los frutos de maíz son portadores de hongos, como el caso de Fusarium moniliforme, que producen micotoxinas, las cuales pueden ser altamente tóxicas, por lo tanto es necesario controlar su presencia en los mismos. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la efectividad de filtrados puros de hongos presentes en frutos de maíz sobre dicho patógeno. De muestras provenientes de localidades de los Estados Lara, Yaracuy y Portuguesa, se obtuvo la micobiota: Aspergillus niger, A. ustus, A. heterotallicus, F. moniliforme y Trichoderma sp. los cuales fueron cultivados en APD, luego se transfirió un disco de agar con micelio de cada uno de ellos a los medios líquidos Gliotoxin y Melaza-Levadura y se colocaron en agitación, 2 horas diarias por 15 días; posteriormente se realizó la separación del micelio fi ltrando con la ayuda de papel de fi ltro y filtro miliporo. Las pruebas se hicieron en diluciones de 10-1, 10-2 y 10-3 contra F. moniliforme. Se determinaron los metabolitos secundarios (MS) presentes. Los resultados demuestran que hubo diferencias significativas cuando se probó con fi ltrados producidos en melaza levadura, obteniéndose una reducción del crecimiento micelial de F. moniliforme, siendo mejores los tratamientos A. ustus y A. niger, a la mayor concentración, aunque para A. heterothallicus y Trichoderma sp. los valores de inhibición fueron más estables en las tres diluciones. En los fi ltrados se detectaron alcaloides débilmente básicos, básicos, sales cuaternarias de amonio, taninos y polifenoles

Evangelización de los jóvenes en situación de abandono : un estudio a partir del proyecto de evangelización de los jóvenes de Ciudad Don Bosco en Medellín

El objetivo principal de este trabajo, resalta importancia de la presencia salesiana, realizada en la obra Ciudad Don Bosco (CDB), ubicada en las comunas de Medellín, como proyecto de nueva evangelización con el sello salesiano. Así, se profundizará en la importancia de la presencia salesiana en ese contexto concreto, tambien, ahondaremos en el concepto de nueva evangelización propuesto por el Santo Padre Francisco en su exhortación apostólica Evangelii Gaudium, y por último, se propondrá un ejercicio de nueva evangelización desde el Sistema Preventivo Salesiano orientado a la realización personal integral de los jóvenes de la obra Ciudad Don Bosco de la ciudad de Medellín.The main objective of this work, highlights the importance of the Salesian presence, carried out in the work City Don Bosco (CDB), located in the communes of Medellin, as a project of new evangelization with the Salesian seal. Thus, the importance of the Salesian presence in this specific context will be deepened, also, we will delve into the concept of new evangelization proposed by the Holy Father Francis in his apostolic exhortation Evangelii Gaudium, and finally, an exercise of new evangelization will be proposed from the Salesian Preventive System oriented to the integral personal fulfillment of the young people of the work Don Bosco City of the city of Medellín.Licenciado (a) en TeologíaPregrad

Efecto del tiempo y la temperatura de almacenamiento en la actividad de extractos etanólicos de Lantana camara L. y Heliotropium indicum L. sobre Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

En el estudio se evalúo el efecto del tiempo y la temperatura de almacenamiento de extractos etanólicos (EE) de Lantana camara L. (Verbenacea) y Heliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) sobre Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Los EE se almacenaron durante 1 año a 8 ± 2 y 26 ± 2 °C. Cada 2 meses se diluyeron en agar papa dextrosa (PDA) a concentraciones de 0, 0.5, 1 y 1.5% (v/v) sobre las cuales se colocó el hongo para medir la inhibición del crecimiento micelial (ICM) y la esporulación (IE); y en microcultivos en PDA, la germinación de conidios. Los EE almacenados a 8 ± 2 °C conservaron su efectividad durante 12 meses en todas las variables evaluadas, mientras que aquellos a 1.5% de concentración a 26 ± 2°C comenzaron a perder su efectividad a los 6 y 8 meses después de preparados, llegando hasta 3% de ICM, 4% de IE y 18% de germinación. Los resultados indicaron que la temperatura y el tiempo de almacenamiento son determinantes para la efectividad de los EE

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Burden of injury along the development spectrum : associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.Peer reviewe

Common variants in Alzheimer’s disease and risk stratification by polygenic risk scores

Funder: Funder: Fundación bancaria ‘La Caixa’ Number: LCF/PR/PR16/51110003 Funder: Grifols SA Number: LCF/PR/PR16/51110003 Funder: European Union/EFPIA Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Number: 115975 Funder: JPco-fuND FP-829-029 Number: 733051061Genetic discoveries of Alzheimer's disease are the drivers of our understanding, and together with polygenetic risk stratification can contribute towards planning of feasible and efficient preventive and curative clinical trials. We first perform a large genetic association study by merging all available case-control datasets and by-proxy study results (discovery n = 409,435 and validation size n = 58,190). Here, we add six variants associated with Alzheimer's disease risk (near APP, CHRNE, PRKD3/NDUFAF7, PLCG2 and two exonic variants in the SHARPIN gene). Assessment of the polygenic risk score and stratifying by APOE reveal a 4 to 5.5 years difference in median age at onset of Alzheimer's disease patients in APOE ɛ4 carriers. Because of this study, the underlying mechanisms of APP can be studied to refine the amyloid cascade and the polygenic risk score provides a tool to select individuals at high risk of Alzheimer's disease