Resolviendo entre pares problemas de programación lineal

Debido a la masividad de las clases en nuestra Facultad, es común optar por el dictado de clases expositivas con escasa intervención de los estudiantes. Con la intención de cambiar esta práctica, decidimos implementar una metodología distinta o alternativa, una clase activa. Esta experiencia permitió que el alumno se involucre en la resolución de los ejercicios de aplicación participando, reflexionando y debatiendo con sus compañeros, y el docente contribuyó a disipar dudas y a resumir las distintas intervenciones. También representó para el estudiante una instancia de autoevaluación de sus aprendizajes permitiendo detectar los temas que debería reforzar para resolver adecuadamente los ejercicios previos a las evaluaciones.Para los docentes, la experiencia de resolver un problema complejo dividiéndolo en consignas simples, pautando tiempos y trabajando con grupos pequeños fue muy enriquecedora. La puesta en común tras cada actividad puso de manifiesto el aprendizaje obtenido hasta ese momento. A los fines de mejorar la instrumentación de esta actividad en el futuro, deberíamos revisar la asignación de tiempos a las actividades propuestas.http://hdl.handle.net/11086/2359Fil: Rojas Heredia, Elena. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Rosset, Cecilia Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Educación General (incluye capacitación, pedagogía y didáctica

LOS SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS Y LA SUSTENTABILIDAD

ResumenLa Responsabilidad Social Empresaria (RSE) se ha transformado en un factor que les permite a las empresas generar valor incluyendo prácticas éticas, sociales y medioambientales que afectan al público en general y al inversor en particular. Numerosas organizaciones han comenzado a desarrollar en los últimos años una intensa actividad en la búsqueda de lograr un ámbito de negocios sustentable, tratando de orientar a las empresas hacia prácticas socialmente responsables.  La generación de informes e indicadores permite a las unidades económicas evaluar las mejoras en sus prácticas y brindar información para la toma de decisiones, ya que abordan diversos aspectos: gobierno corporativo, prácticas de gestión, relación con los clientes, proveedores, comunidad, el medio ambiente, etc.Mediante el análisis de entrevistas, informes y publicaciones realizados por entidades que brindan servicios financieros y de seguros en Argentina, es posible conocer el grado de avance de algunas de ellas en cuanto a prácticas de responsabilidad social y desarrollo sustentable.En Argentina este proceso de concientización del desarrollo sustentable se encuentra en una etapa inicial. Si bien algunos sectores o empresas pueden tener un mayor grado de avance en este sentido, existen empresas que aún se encuentran en su primera etapa de este largo camino.  Palabras claves: Inversiones socialmente responsables; servicios financieros en Argentina; sustentabilidad; RSE. AbstractCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a factor that allows companies to create value by including ethical, social, and environmental practices that have an impact on the public in general and on the investor in particular. In the last few years, numerous organizations have begun to develop an intense agenda in their search for a sustainable business sphere, trying to guide companies towards socially responsible practices. The creation of reports and indicators allows economic units to assess improvements in their practices and to provide information for decision-making purposes as they deal with various aspects, such as corporate government, management practices, relations with customers, providers, the community, and the environment, among others. The analysis of interviews, reports, and publications from organizations providing insurance and financial services in Argentina allows us to know how far some of them have gone in terms of social responsibility and sustainable development practices.In Argentina, this process of awareness raising around sustainable development is at an early stage. While some industries may have a greater degree of progress in this regard, there are companies that are still taking their first steps on this long road.  Keywords: Socially responsible investments; financial services in Argentina; sustainability; CS

Incorporação da responsabilidade social empresarial em decisões de investimento utilizando técnicas multi-critérios

La Responsabilidad Social Empresaria (RSE) se ha convertido en un aspectomás a analizar a la hora de tomar decisiones de inversión. En este sentido, lasempresas deben informar sobre su desempeño general no sólo en su dimensióneconómica y financiera sino también en lo referente a los aspectos referidosal gobierno corporativo, social y medioambiental. Sin embargo, tanto lacantidad como la calidad de la información brindada en los reportes sobreRSE que brindan las empresas es variada, y los criterios para elaborarlos nosiempre coinciden. Entonces, cabe preguntarnos ¿Cuáles son los aspectosde interés que tiene en cuenta un inversor argentino?En este trabajo se utilizaron los indicadores más relevantes tanto paralas empresas como para los grupos de interés para medir la importanciade la RSE en diferentes sectores de la economía. Para ello se trabajó conla técnica de decisión multicriterio, llamada proceso analítico jerárquico oanalytic hierarchy process (AHP), tomando como base los principales indicadoresestándares que pueden aplicarse en Argentina y usando la informaciónobtenida a través de encuestas a dos grupos de interés diferentes.Esto permitió estructurar el problema en niveles de diferente jerarquía.Al comparar los resultados obtenidos con la aplicación de la metodologíaAHP desarrollada, se visualiza que el orden de preferencia en lasalternativas difiere del establecido de acuerdo con el volumen negociadoen el mercado de capitales. El sector financiero, considerado como uno delos ejes del desarrollo de la economía del país, ha demostrado un ciertogrado de avance en cuanto a prácticas de responsabilidad social. Estose vio reflejado en los resultados obtenidos, donde un mayor compromisoformal de las empresas de este sector en prácticas de RSE quedaen evidencia. Sin embargo, es necesario continuar con esta política desustentabilidad, involucrándose en proyectos que contribuyan al bienestarde la población.http://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar/publicaciones/index.php/CE/article/view/7238/10467publishedVersionFil: Bravino, Laura Susana. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Margaría, Oscar Alcides. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Rojas Heredia, Elena. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Santillán, Gustavo Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Rosset, Cecilia Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Negocios y Administració

Juegos y actividades interactivas en el aula

Comunidades de Práctica para el mejoramiento de la enseñanza de las Ciencias Económicas (Gabriela Sabulsky) - Enseñanza a través de la metodología del juego y de actividades interactivas en las aulas de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas (Mariana Funes; Mariana Guardiola) - Resolviendo entre Pares Problemas de Programación Lineal (Elena Rojas Heredia; Cecilia Rosset) - La desestructuración de la enseñanza tradicional en Contabilidad I tendiente al logro de aprendizajes significativos (María Claudia Nicolás) - Una Película para Diagnosticar el Diseño Organizacional (Sonia López; Natacha Beltrán) - Aprendizaje activo y recursos lúdicos para aprender probabilidad (María Inés Stimolo; Olga Padró; Pablo Ortiz) - Ruleta temática para la revisión de temas vinculados al Cálculo Infinitesimal (Nancy Stanecka) - Uso del juego preguntados en una clase de revisión de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Toma de Decisiones (Nadia Luczywo; Mariana Mizraji) - Retroalimentemos: sistemas y organizaciones. Una actividad lúdica en Sistemas y procedimientos Administrativos (Paulo Russo)Este texto tiene el propósito de dar a conocer experiencias de innovación en la enseñanza a través de la metodología del juego y de actividades interactivas en las aulas de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Las contribuciones que se presentan son el resultado del trabajo colaborativo de los docentes de la casa que participaron en el Proyecto Comunidades de prácticas para el mejoramiento de la enseñanza de las Ciencias Económicas en el marco del Programa de Apoyo y Mejoramiento de la Enseñanza de Grado de la UNC (3° Convocatoria), coordinado por la Unidad Pedagógica de la Facultad. Preocupados por el rendimiento académico de los alumnos y las prácticas docentes centradas en la clase magistral, el proyecto tuvo la finalidad de fortalecer y promover formas de enseñanza que pongan particular énfasis en el protagonismo del alumno en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, a través de la conformación de Comunidades de Prácticas. Estas comunidades permitieron a los docentes reflexionar sobre su problemática de enseñanza y pensar, instrumentar y evaluar secuencias didácticas innovadoras.Fil: Funes, Mariana. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Guardiola, Mariana. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Sabulsky, Gabriela. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Rojas Heredia, Elena. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Rosset, Cecilia. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Nicolás, María Claudia. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: López, Sonia. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Beltrán, Natacha. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Russo, Paulo. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Mizraji, Mariana. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Luczywo, Nadia. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Stanecka, Nancy. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Ortiz, Pablo. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Padró, Olga. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina.Fil: Stimolo, María Inés. Universidad Naciona de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Experiencias en el aula: tercer encuentro de prácticas pedagógicas innovadoras.

Experiencias de profesores en su quehacer en los distintos ambientes de aprendizaje presenciales y a distancia.Para el Centro de Excelencia Docente aeiou constituye un honor presentar la publicación del Tercer Encuentro de Prácticas Pedagógicas Innovadoras en el que se destacan cuarenta trabajos de profesores de UNIMINUTO provenientes de diferentes sedes. Con este encuentro son ya tres que bajo la dirección de aeiou los profesores han compartido su quehacer en los distintos ambientes de aprendizaje presenciales y a distancia. Cada año el Centro de Excelencia Docente invita a los profesores a participar en este evento, para el 2108 además de la inscripción voluntaria por parte de cada profesor, se invitó al estudiantado a que postularan a sus profesores que consideraban eran innovadores y creativos en el cumplimiento de su función docente y se obtuvo una respuesta importante por parte de los estudiantes, que para algunos profesores resultó sorpresiva porque quizás no habían considerado que el trabajo que hacían en su ambiente de aprendizaje era diferente, fuera de lo común. Luego de una evaluación de jurados nacionales e internacionales de las prácticas presentadas y de la realización del evento, que tuvo como novedad hacerlo de forma simultánea en cuatro sedes donde UNIMINUTO tiene presencia: Buga, Ibagué, Pereira y Bogotá, se comparte la presente publicación para tener como referencia y evidencia el trabajo que los profesores hacen a diario

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

BACKGROUND: Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2·9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2·9-3·0) for men and 3·5 years (3·4-3·7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0·85 years (0·78-0·92) and 1·2 years (1·1-1·3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. INTERPRETATION: Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Forouzanfar MH, Afshin A, Alexander LT, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. LANCET. 2016;388(10053):1659-1724.Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57.8% (95% CI 56.6-58.8) of global deaths and 41.2% (39.8-42.8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211.8 million [192.7 million to 231.1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148.6 million [134.2 million to 163.1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143.1 million [125.1 million to 163.5 million]), high BMI (120.1 million [83.8 million to 158.4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113.3 million [103.9 million to 123.4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103.1 million [90.8 million to 115.1 million]), high total cholesterol (88.7 million [74.6 million to 105.7 million]), household air pollution (85.6 million [66.7 million to 106.1 million]), alcohol use (85.0 million [77.2 million to 93.0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83.0 million [49.3 million to 127.5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe