A Single Cluster of Coregulated Genes Encodes the Biosynthesis of the Mycotoxins Roquefortine C and Meleagrin in Penicillium chrysogenum

[EN] A single gene cluster of Penicillium chrysogenum contains genes involved in the biosynthesis and secretion of the mycotoxins roquefortine C and meleagrin. Five of these genes have been silenced by RNAi. Pc21g15480 (rds) encodes a nonribosomal cyclodipeptide synthetase for the biosynthesis of both roquefortine C and meleagrin. Pc21g15430 (rpt) encodes a prenyltransferase also required for the biosynthesis of both mycotoxins. Silencing of Pc21g15460 or Pc21g15470 led to a decrease in roquefortine C and meleagrin, whereas silencing of the methyltransferase gene (Pc21g15440; gmt) resulted in accumulation of glandicolin B, indicating that this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glandicolin B to meleagrin. All these genes are transcriptionally coregulated. Our results prove that roquefortine C and meleagrin derive from a single pathway.SIEuropean UnionMinistry of Science and Innovatio

La reforma de los delitos sexuales en el Anteproyecto de Ley Orgánica de 14 de noviembre de 2008

[ES] Se tratan en este artículo los aspectos fundamentales que, en materia de delitos contra la libertad e indemnidad sexuales, se contienen en el Anteproyecto de Ley Orgánica de 14 de noviembre de 2008, por el que se modifica la Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal. Se abordan así la reforma concreta de los delitos contra la libertad y la indemnidad sexuales; las dos penas de nueva creación: la libertad vigilada y la pena privativa de la patria potestad; y, finalmente, el impedimento al Juez de Vigilancia Penitenciaria de la posibilidad de excepcionar el período de seguridad en determinados delitos relacionados con la libertad sexual.[EN] In this article we handle the core aspects, in matters of offenses against the sexual freedom and sexual indemnity, included in the Constitutional Law Draft of 14 November 2008, amending Constitutional Law 10/1995 on Criminal Code of 23 November. We tackle therefore the specific reform of the offenses against the sexual freedom and sexual indemnity; the two newly created penalties: probation and penalty involving deprivation of parental authority; and, finally, the impediment for the Prison Inspection Judge to make an exception on the safety period in some offenses related to sexual freedom.S

Offences related to cybercrime in the Spanish Criminal Code

[ES] I. Delitos que solo se pueden cometer a través de medios informáticos – II. Otros delitos que pueden ser y frecuentemente son cometidos a través de medios informáticos

Cambios en las creencias biomédicas y psicosociales de estudiantes de fisioterapia

[ES] Cambios en las creencias biomédicas y psicosociales de estudiantes de fisioterapi

Is degrowth education an alternative in the minds of educators in the face of the serious eco-social crisis and global warming?

[EN] The aim of this research is to find out whether education students and professionals are aware of the seriousness of climate change and the environmental crisis and whether they receive training to deal with it in their professional future. More specifically, this study aims to analyze if they are aware of the degrowth proposal and consider they should train themselves and future generations in it to tackle this ecosystemic crisis profoundly. The methodology used was qualitative, through focused semi-structured indepth interviews. The results of the data analysis, carried out with Atlas.ti, are structured around four dimensions: (a) Climate change, sustainability-consumption-social implications, (b) Growth, degrowth, collapse, (c) Personal attitudes towards caring for the planet and (d) Educating/training for degrowth. It is concluded that there is a general awareness concerning degrowth as a relevant issue and a possible alternative, but this is not applied in educational and curricular practice. The need to review the initial training plans for future teachers to introduce these elements is discussed. A limitation of this study is the scarcity of literature on degrowth in education and the need to expand the research sample in order to generalize the findings obtained in the research.S

Polysialic and colanic acids metabolism in Escherichia coli K92 is regulated by RcsA and RcsB

[EN]We have shown previously that Escherichia coli K92 produces two different capsular polymers known as CA (colanic acid) and PA (polysialic acid) in a thermoregulated manner. The complex Rcs phosphorelay is largely related to the regulation of CA synthesis. Through deletion of rscA and rscB genes, we show that the Rcs system is involved in the regulation of both CA and PA synthesis in E. coli K92. Deletion of either rcsA or rcsB genes resulted in decreased expression of cps (CA biosynthesis cluster) at 19°C and 37°C, but only CA production was reduced at 19°C. Concerning PA, both deletions enhanced its synthesis at 37°C, which does not correlate with the reduced kps (PA biosynthesis cluster) expression observed in the rcsB mutant. Under this condition, expression of the nan operon responsible for PA catabolism was greatly reduced. Although RcsA and RcsB acted as negative regulators of PA synthesis at 37°C, their absence did not reestablish PA expression at low temperatures, despite the deletion of rcsB resulting in enhanced kps expression. Finally, our results revealed that RcsB controlled the expression of several genes (dsrA, rfaH, h-ns and slyA) involved in the thermoregulation of CA and PA synthesis, indicating that RcsB is part of a complex regulatory mechanism governing the surface appearance in E. coli.SIThis work was supported the Direccion General de Investigaci´on [grant number AGL2007-62428] and Junta de Castilla y León [grant number JCyL 32A08]

How to improve tourism communication in El Bierzo region on Instagram. A neuromarketing experiment

[ES] El auge de Instagram ha cambiado la forma de promocionar los destinos turísticos y la región de El Bierzo debe posicionarse rápido en esta tendencia para mejorar su presencia en la red. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es proponer una estrategia de comunicación que fomente el turismo en El Bierzo mediante el uso estratégico de Instagram en los nichos de turismo que abarca. Gracias a la herramienta eye-tracking, se exploran diecinueve estímulos (divididos en tres distintas fases), creados específicamente para este estudio, que unido a la encuesta online realizada a una muestra de 148 personas y a los post-test respondidos por los participantes en los experimentos de neuromarketing a posteriori, proporcionan información sobre qué imágenes y qué elementos de comunicación son más efectivos. Los resultados muestran que la disposición y el diseño de los elementos en las imágenes influyen en la captación de la atención. La ubicación del hashtag, los colores, el tipo de letra y la inclusión de logotipos, pueden potenciar el impacto visual, el tiempo de atención y la cantidad de veces que llegan a ser vistos y, consecuentemente, mejorar la comunicación en Instagram del El Bierzo como destino turístico, si se usan adecuadamente.[EN] The rise of Instagram has changed the way tourist destinations are promoted and the El Bierzo region must quickly position itself in this trend to improve its presence on the network. The main objective of this work is to propose a communication strategy that promotes tourism in El Bierzo through the strategic use of Instagram in the tourism niches it covers. Thanks to the eye-tracking tool, nineteen stimuli are explored (divided into three different phases), created specifically for this study, which together with the online survey carried out with a sample of 148 people and the post-tests answered by the participants in the neuromarketing experiments a posteriori, provide information on which images and which communication elements are most effective. The results show that the arrangement and design of the elements in the images influence the capture of attention. The location of the hashtag, the colors, the font and the inclusion of logos can enhance the visual impact, attention time and the number of times they are seen and, consequently, improve the communication on Instagram of El Bierzo as a tourist destination, if used appropriately

Recapitulative Discourse Markers in English, Spanish, and Spanish Translated from English

[EN] This paper unveils the similarities and differences between original English and Spanish recapitulative discourse markers (DMs), in fiction (F) and non-fiction (NF), and between translated and non-translated Spanish. It also aims to show that combining parallel and monolingual corpora can produce more focused results when tracking trends across language boundaries. Original English and Spanish data show how recapitulative DMs are distributed in both languages. Then, DMs with a low mutual correspondence (MC) value are selected for further analysis. English triggers to be compared with original Spanish data are identified in the English originals via the Spanish translations. Also, translated and non-translated Spanish are compared to identify translation trends. Results indicate that recapitulation is signalled by DMs more frequently in Spanish than in English. DMs in Spanish translation most frequently derive from well, anyway, you know/see, in short, I mean and after all. Additionally, many DMs in the translations do not have a trigger in English. Translated and non-translated Spanish results show the following trends, according to register: a) normalization in F (en fin, en síntesis) and counter-normalization in NF (en síntesis, en definitiva), b) deflation in F (en fin, en definitiva, total, a fin de cuentas) and in NF (en fin, en definitiva), c) dilation in NF (definitivamente, en resumidas cuentas, en síntesis), and d) equalization in F (definitivamente, en resumidas cuentas, en síntesis) and in NF (a fin de cuentas). The results may help to enhance contextual learning in generative language technology, leading to improved crosslinguistic performance.SIResearch for this paper has been partly funded by The Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the Spanish Agency for Research (MCIN/AEI), grant PID2020-114064RB-I00 10.13039/501100011033, and the Universidad de León GIR 432

Secuencias binarias y códigos lineales

[ES] En este trabajo estudiamos la relación entre el subespacio vectorial de las PN-secuencias generadas por un polinomio primitivo y el código símplex. Además, también puede verse como un F2-código lineal MDS sobre Fr2. Analizaremos cómo obtener la familia de secuencias self-shrunken generalizadas, producidas por un polinomio primitivo, a través de un código Reed-Muller de primer orden

Efectos de la inteligencia emocional y la autoeficacia en alumnos universitarios de ciencias de la salud

[ES] Efectos de la inteligencia emocional y la autoeficacia en alumnos universitarios de ciencias de la salu