Schemat składniowy jako idiom – prolegomena do frazeologii operacyjnej

The aim of this article is to provide a preliminary characterisation of operational phraseology, the shape of which emerges from Andrzej Bogusławski’s operational grammar. The reflections in the first subsection of the article, based on the American neopragmatist philosophy, concern the ontological status of idioms. The next two parts of the text are devoted to the terms: sentence pattern and present phraseologism. The second of these terms denotes the textual realisation of a phraseological compound, i.e. an element of the langue sphere. In the last part of the article, the author defines (from a proportionalist point of view) the proper research object of the discussed paradigm of theoretical phraseology – it is a linguistic entity (phraseologism, more precisely: phraseologism-generating matrix) manifesting irregularity on the sentence pattern level and/or on the suprasegmental level.Celem artykułu jest wstępna charakterystyka frazeologii operacyjnej, której kształt wyłania się z gramatyki operacyjnej Andrzeja Bogusławskiego. Rozważania w pierwszym podrozdziale szkicu – osadzone na gruncie amerykańskiej filozofii neopragmatystycznej – dotyczą statusu ontologicznego idiomów. Dwie następne partie tekstu są poświęcone, kolejno, terminom: schemat syntaktyczny oraz frazeologizm aktualny. Drugie ze wskazanych wyrażeń oznacza realizację tekstową związku frazeologicznego, tzn. elementu sfery langue. W ostatniej części artykułu autor określa (z proporcjonalistycznego punktu widzenia) właściwy przedmiot badań omawianego paradygmatu frazeologii teoretycznej – jest to byt językowy (frazeologizm, dokładniej: matryca frazeotwórcza) objawiający nieregularność już na poziomie schematu syntaktycznego i/lub na płaszczyźnie suprasegmentalnej

ZuS - Zukunftsstrategie Lehrer*innenbildung Köln (Teilprojekt Qualitätssicherung). Skalendokumentation zum Fragebogen des hochschulweiten Bildungsmonitorings, Messzeitpunkt 2, Teil A.

Die vorliegende Dokumentation ist Teil eines Bildungsmonitorings, das im Rahmen des an der Universität zu Köln durchgeführten Projekts „Zukunftsstrategie Lehrer*innenbildung Köln – Heterogenität und Inklusion gestalten“ (ZuS) im Teilprojekt Qualitätssicherung (QS) durchgeführt wurde. Hierbei handelt es sich um den zweiten Messzeitpunkt im Sommersemester 2017. Das Bildungsmonitoring soll auf einer Makroebene Einblick geben in Prozesse des Kompetenzerwerbs während des Lehramtsstudiums und dazu beitragen, Merkmale der Ausbildung zu erkennen, die dabei von Bedeutung sind. Drei wesentliche Maßnahmen werden im Bildungsmonitoring ergriffen: Die Erfassung der Kompetenzentwicklung von Lehramtsstudierenden, die angebotenen und genutzten Lerngelegenheiten als Bedingungen der Kompetenzentwicklung und die Prüfung des Einflusses der Lerngelegenheiten auf die Kompetenzentwicklung. Verwendet wird ein Mehr-Kohorten-Längsschnitt-Design. Primäre Zielgruppe sind Bachelor- und Masterstudierende, die sich im Sommersemester 2017 im vierten Fachsemester befanden. Diese beiden Kohorten wurden bereits letztes Jahr (Sommersemester 2016) befragt und sollen auch nächstes Jahr (Sommersemester 2018) wissenschaftlich begleitet werden, um während der Projektlaufzeit ein umfassendes Bild über den Kompetenzerwerb während der gesamten Lehramtsausbildung an der Universität zu Köln zu erhalten. Die hier abgebildete Skalendokumentation umfasst den allgemeinen Teil des Bildungsmonitorings 2017. Sie informiert über die verwendeten Variablen, Items und Skalen, die bei der Befragung der Studierenden eingesetzt wurden. Zusätzlich werden technische Variablen berichtet, die bei der Datenerhebung und -aufbereitung relevant waren

Neuromuscular Adaptions Following a Daily Strengthening Exercise in Individuals with Rotator Cuff Related Shoulder Pain: A Pilot Case-Control Study

Background: The goal of therapeutic exercise is to facilitate a neuromuscular response by increasing or decreasing muscular activity in order to reduce pain and improve function. It is not clear what dosage of exercise will create a neuromuscular response. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects following a three-week home program of a daily single exercise, the prone horizontal abduction exercise (PHA), on neuromuscular impairments of motor control as measured by scapular muscle EMG amplitudes, strength, and secondarily outcomes of self-reported pain and function between individuals with and without subacromial pain syndrome. Study Design: Prospective Case-Control, Pilot Study. Methods: Twenty-five individuals participated; eleven with shoulder pain during active and resistive motions (Penn Shoulder Score: 77 ± 11) and 14 matched healthy controls (Penn Shoulder Score: 99 ± 27) (p \u3c 0.001). Participants underwent baseline and follow up testing at three weeks including surface electromyography (EMG) of the serratus anterior, upper, and lower trapezius of the involved (painful group) or matched shoulder (control group) during an elevation task and maximal isometric shoulder strength testing. All participants were instructed in a PHA exercise to be performed daily (3 sets; 10 reps). Subjects logged daily exercise adherence. Neuromuscular adaptations were defined by changes in EMG amplitudes (normalized to MVIC) of serratus anterior, upper trapezius, and lower trapezius and strength. Secondary outcomes of self-reported pain and function were also compared between groups following the three-week intervention. Results: After three weeks of a daily PHA exercise, the painful group demonstrated a greater decrease in baseline-elevated EMG amplitudes in the lower trapezius by 7% (95%CI 2.6-11%) during the concentric phase of the overhead lifting task (p 0.006). EMG amplitudes of the healthy control group did not change at three-week follow-up. Additionally, the change in serratus anterior mean EMG amplitude in the painful group -1.6% (IQR -22.9 to 0.8%) was significantly greater (p 0.033) than the healthy group change score, 2.5% (IQR -2.3 to 5.7%) during the eccentric phase (p 0.034). While the painful group was weaker in abduction and flexion at baseline and at follow up, both groups had a significant increase in all strength measures (p≤0.014). Concurrent with increased strength and normalizing EMG amplitudes, the painful group significantly improved on the Penn Shoulder Score with a mean change 9.8 points (95%CI 7.0, 12.6) (p \u3c 0.001). Conclusion: In this pilot case-control study, a single home exercise performed daily for three weeks demonstrated neuromuscular adaptations with improvements in muscle activity and strength. These were concurrent with modest, yet significant improvements pain and function in individuals with mild rotator cuff related shoulder pain. Level of Evidence: 3

Social Class

Discussion of class structure in fifth-century Athens, historical constitution of theater audiences, and the changes in the comic representation of class antagonism from Aristophanes to Menander

The noise-lovers: cultures of speech and sound in second-century Rome

This chapter provides an examination of an ideal of the ‘deliberate speaker’, who aims to reflect time, thought, and study in his speech. In the Roman Empire, words became a vital tool for creating and defending in-groups, and orators and authors in both Latin and Greek alleged, by contrast, that their enemies produced babbling noise rather than articulate speech. In this chapter, the ideal of the deliberate speaker is explored through the works of two very different contemporaries: the African-born Roman orator Fronto and the Syrian Christian apologist Tatian. Despite moving in very different circles, Fronto and Tatian both express their identity and authority through an expertise in words, in strikingly similar ways. The chapter ends with a call for scholars of the Roman Empire to create categories of analysis that move across different cultural and linguistic groups. If we do not, we risk merely replicating the parochialism and insularity of our sources.Accepted manuscrip