Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods: We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings: Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation: Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Une brève histoire de l'embarqué

Depuis l'apparition sur le marché des premiers microprocesseurs dans les années 1975, les électroniciens du CENBG ont développé des systèmes embarqués destinés au pilotage des expériences de physique nucléaire.L'auteur présente un rapide tour d'horizon sur l'évolution des technologies de l'embarqué depuis leur origines jusqu'à nos jours du point de vue du matériel (VME, VXI,...) et du logiciel (VTRX, PSOS, VXWORKS,....).Il évoquer les applications développées en particulier à l'IN2P3 et les tendances actuelles des solutions industrielles

Overview of the requirements and how they can be met

GET is a new multi-laboratories project which covers the frontend electronics until data acquisition system for TPCs detectors. The presentation gives an overview of the requirements for a such system and summarize the main parts of this project which are discussed during this worksho

L'électronique au CENBG

Présentation des activités du service electronique du CENBG, principalement sur l'acquisition et les "Systems On Chip". Exposé illustré par le système réalisé pour le projet TPC sur la radioactivité 2p

Overview of the requirements and how they can be met

GET is a new multi-laboratories project which covers the frontend electronics until data acquisition system for TPCs detectors. The presentation gives an overview of the requirements for a such system and summarize the main parts of this project which are discussed during this worksho

Design of an 8GSps, 65nm CMOS Wideband Flash Analog-to-Digital Converter

This paper describes the design of an 8Gsps flash Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for wideband radio astronomy applications. The ADC contains a track-and-hold (TAH) and a 1-to-4 demultiplexer. Our circuit has been fabricated with the 65nm technology from STMicroelectronics. The post-layout simulations show a Figure of Merit (FoM) of 11.36pJ/conv.step and a power consumption of 480mW at Nyquist sampling condition. The ongoing tests will soon verify these prediction

Design of an 8GSps, 65nm CMOS Wideband Flash Analog-to-Digital Converter

This paper describes the design of an 8Gsps flash Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for wideband radio astronomy applications. The ADC contains a track-and-hold (TAH) and a 1-to-4 demultiplexer. Our circuit has been fabricated with the 65nm technology from STMicroelectronics. The post-layout simulations show a Figure of Merit (FoM) of 11.36pJ/conv.step and a power consumption of 480mW at Nyquist sampling condition. The ongoing tests will soon verify these prediction

An 8Gsps, 65nm CMOS Wideband Track-and-Hold

A track-and-hold (T&H) circuit has been designed and fabricated using the 65nm CMOS technology from STMicroelectronics. A fully differential architecture has been adopted. The circuit exhibits a -3dB input bandwidth wider than 8GHz. At 8GHz, the maximum sampling frequency, the measured overall power consumption and gain are 178mW and 0dB, respectively. The T&H core dissipates around 40mW. The measured total harmonic distortion (THD) at Nyquist sampling conditions is about -37dB. The circuit die area is 1.1mm²

Development of a gaseous recoil-proton detector for neutron flux measurements between 0.2 and 2 MeV neutron energy

Absolute measurements of neutron fluence are an essential prerequisite of neutron-induced cross section measurements, neutron beam lines characterisation and dosimetric investigations. Precise neutron flux measurements can be performed with respect to the H(n,p) elastic cross section. The use of this technique, with silicon proton recoil detectors, is not straightforward below incident neutron energy of 1 MeV, due to a high background in the detected proton spectrum. Experiments carried out at the AIFIRA facility identified its origin. Based on these investigations, a gaseous recoil-proton detector has been designed, with a reduced low energy background. Preliminary results of the first tests of the developed detector are discussed here