Free radical reaction of fluorine containing compounds

This thesis is concerned with the free-radical addition of oxygen containing compounds of the adducts produced. Free-radical additions of ether compounds to fluoroalkenes have been done by previous workers and the chemistry of some of these adducts has been investigated. The following new compounds have been synthesised and identified by g.l.c, mass spect., i.r., and NMR spectroscopy These arose from reaction of the x-( 1,2 ,3, 3, 3-pentafluoro-l-propenyl) diethylether and x,á-bis( 1,2, 3, 3-pentaf luoro-1-propenyl) diethylether which were prepared by dehydrofluorination of diethylether/hexafluoropropene mono-adduct and diethylether/hexafluoropropene di-adduct respectivel

Global Socioeconomic Impact of Cystic Echinococcosis

Because the human and economic losses of cystic echinococcosis are substantial, global prevention and control measures should be increased

Echinococcosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, northwest China

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), due to E. multilocularis, are endemic to large areas of north and northwest China. Here we review features of a severe focus of AE and CE in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), northwest China. We describe for NHAR the results of surveys of hospital surgical and clinical records, including treatment of AE and CE, and active community detection of asymptomatic/early-stage cases and patient follow-up using questionnaire analysis, ultrasound examinations and serology. We compare the key risk factors for both AE and CE in this setting with those reported from other areas. In addition, we document the socio-economic factors impacting on treatment and control of AE and CE. This update indicates that echinococcosis continues to be highly endemic in NHAR and exemplifies the serious public health problem that the disease presents, particularly in poor rural areas. Extensive community surveys of echinococcosis are required throughout northwest China, especially in rural communities. These will enable earlier detection of echinococcosis cases, thereby improving treatment outcomes, and reveal the true epidemiological picture regarding the disease in this region, with a view to developing and implementing new strategies for future control. (c) 2008 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology