ELECTRODEPOSITION STUDY OF ALLOYS FOR SOLAR ENERGY, CORROSION RESISTANCE, AND BATTERY APPLICATIONS

Copper-Zinc-Tin sulphide (CZTS) compound is one of the alloys, which has significantly caught the attention of a considerable number of researchers since the beginning of the century. Consequently, academic laboratories started investigating the alloy in-depth with its various combination due to its valuable applications with high potential usage. The CZTS alloy has a high tendency to replace the current copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film solar cell system due to scarcity of CIGS components, and toxic manufacturing procedures compared to CZTS. Nevertheless, CZTS is a new studied compound with exceptionally low photovoltaic empirical efficiency and an inadequate understanding of its chemical reaction behaviour. But, CZTS has high theoretical potential applications due to its superb theoretical photovoltaic properties such as bandgap. Additionally, there are multiple and great properties for copper, copper-zinc, copper-tin, tin-zinc, copper-tin-zinc combination alloys as well which will favour them to be used in different applications. For example, among many advantages of brass and bronze are corrosion resistance, strength, more ductile, high wear resistance, and better appearance. Plus, a thin film of copper over carbon alloy has great application as a thin-film battery electrode due to its ability to store energy. In this study, the behaviour of the copper, zinc, tin, and their combination solutions electrodeposited over carbon substrate has been studied with a purpose to have a better understanding of the element behaviour during the electrodeposition process which would get us a better understanding of the resulted compositions. The study has been done using the electrodeposition method because of its high cost-effectiveness, easiness in manufacturing, and rapid results compared to all other methods. As a start, equimolar solutions have been stabilized under similar environmental conditions which will make the behaviour of the elements as a major factor in the yielded composition. Also, the electrical conductivity of the engineered stable solutions has been examined with varying pH. Then, each solution has been examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments. Finally, the samples resulting from constant deposition have been inspected with SEM, EDS, and XRD devices to determine the quality of the electrodeposited elements, their presence, and amount. In this study, it was found that the most stable equimolar solution mix had.03 M of Cu, Zn, and Sn and 0.125 M of Sodium Citrate as complexing agents. The SEM mostly showed rough surfaces for all samples with electrodeposited particles with various style patterns over carbon. The EDS and XRD showed a good mass of the elements electrodeposited in a single step such as in sample C4 which contains 0.03 M Copper (II) Sulphate, 0.03 M Zinc Sulphate, 0.03 M Tin (II) sulphate, and 0.125 M Sodium Citrate. As a result, it was confirmed that 0.9 mg of CZT was electrodeposited over carbon where 24.99% zinc, 25.06% copper, and 42.75% in weight percentage yielded of the sampl

Audio documentary script: Heroes behind the scenes.

Audio Documentary: Heros Behind the Scenes This Audio Documentary tells the story of two physically disabled people who made it in life: Magdy Shahir who became a motivational speaker and Amr Osama who, after a horseback riding accident became a ping pong player. It also focuses within their stories on the people who supported them through their journey: for Magdy this was his mom Christina Smith as for Amr this was his coach Mohamad Sakr. Special Thanks to the interviewees: Christina Smith, Magdy Sahir, Mohamad Sakr and Amr Osama. This Documentary tells the story of the struggles of disabled people and how their parents and coaches supported them

Improving the effectivness of audit committee: a comparative analysis of audit committee codes in US, UK and Egypt

The audit committee performs a very important role in corporate governance. The main objective of this research is to enhance the audit committee effectiveness through, a comparison between codes and regulations of the Audit Committee in the U.K., U.S.A. and Egypt. Such comparison will highlight important issues related to Audit Committee activities and will result in modification to the existing Egyptian Code of Corporate Governance for Audit Committee. The importance of the research comes from the fact that the Audit Committee report became mandatory starting from 2009 for all listed companies in the EGX. The study conducted analyzed requirement in the British UK Code, The AICPA Audit Committee Toolkit: Public Companies and other research. Four hypotheses were developed and tested to assess the effect of Audit Committee characteristics including establishment and role, resources, skills and experience, Audit Committee relation with Board of Directors, financial reporting, internal control, whistle-blowing, internal audit function, external audit, annual audit cycle, and communication with shareholders on the effectiveness of the Audit Committee. For this reason, a survey was conducted to analyze the opinion of professionals like AC members, Accountants and Auditors, and the scholars in the education field for the improvement of Audit Committee in Egypt Code of Corporate Governance. Once data were collected, they were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS for implication for Egypt Code of Corporate Governance for Audit Committee. The data subjected to statistical analysis and procedures, including descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages, mean, correlations and coefficient of variation. The overall analysis of the data gathered was strongly supportive of the 4 hypotheses. The researcher reached a conclusion, referring that, the regulatory initiative has a strong impact on the development of the Corporate Governance Code to be more comprehensive and detailed, on the road, to a proactive and more effective Audit Committee, which will empower the local investment environment and sustain higher rates of economic growth. The researcher recommends the deployment of the proposed provisions by the Egyptian Financial Supervisory Authority with continuous review of the Corporate Governance regulations every three years to catch up with the latest developments relative to the issue

Statistical Investigations on the Extent of Convergence or Divergence of Some Electronic Stopping Power Programs with Experimental Data

A comparative comparison among the experimental electronic stopping power with some common program data for proton, Helium, and Boron ions with different targets are graphically achieved. For certain specific energy ranges the impact of various programs is investigated by using two statistical tests. The tests are Chi square goodness of fit and standard deviation computed from the mean normalized difference. It is found that for the certain ion-target combinations, these programs with its different data given are relatively close or far away to match the experimental data. By using those tests for ion-target combinations we determine within given accuracy the best agreement among programs and experimental data. Keywords: Electronic Stopping Power databases, proton, Helium ion, Boron ion, Chi square of goodness of fit test, standard deviation test

Estimating of Manning’s Roughness Coefficient for Hilla River through Calibration Using HEC-RAS Model

The appropriate value of Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) is chosen through the process of calibration; i.e., the value which reproduces observed data to an acceptable accuracy. In the present study, the HEC-RAS unsteady flow model is applied to Hilla river (upstream Hilla city) to predict the value of Manning’s coefficient through the calibration procedure. The data are taken for the period from 20 August 2008 to 12 September 2008 and divided equally into two sets; the first set is for calibration purpose; i.e., estimation of (n) and the rest for verification which is the process of testing the model with actual data to establish its predictive accuracy. It is found that the value of Manning's roughness coefficient (n) for Hilla river which shows good agreement between observed and computed hydrographs is (0.027)

On the placement of security-related Virtualised Network Functions over data center networks

Middleboxes are typically hardware-accelerated appliances such as firewalls, proxies, WAN optimizers, and NATs that play an important role in service provisioning over today's data centers. Reports show that the number of middleboxes is on par with the number of routers, and consequently represent a significant commitment from an operator's capital and operational expenditure budgets. Over the past few years, software middleboxes known as Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) are replacing the hardware appliances to reduce cost, improve the flexibility of deployment, and allow for extending network functionality in short timescales. This dissertation aims at identifying the unique characteristics of security modules implementation as VNFs in virtualised environments. We focus on the placement of the security VNFs to minimise resource usage without violating the security imposed constraints as a challenge faced by operators today who want to increase the usable capacity of their infrastructures. The work presented here, focuses on the multi-tenant environment where customised security services are provided to tenants. The services are implemented as a software module deployed as a VNF collocated with network switches to reduce overhead. Furthermore, the thesis presents a formalisation for the resource-aware placement of security VNFs and provides a constraint programming solution along with examining heuristic, meta-heuristic and near-optimal/subset-sum solutions to solve larger size problems in reduced time. The results of this work identify the unique and vital constraints of the placement of security functions. They demonstrate that the granularity of the traffic required by the security functions imposes traffic constraints that increase the resource overhead of the deployment. The work identifies the north-south traffic in data centers as the traffic designed for processing for security functions rather than east-west traffic. It asserts that the non-sharing strategy of security modules will reduce the complexity in case of the multi-tenant environment. Furthermore, the work adopts on-path deployment of security VNF traffic strategy, which is shown to reduce resources overhead compared to previous approaches

Islamic Law in Malaysia: how far does it extend? / Sheikh Mohd Tawfeek Badjenid Sheikh Hassan

Islamic Law should not and should never be made a 'sacred subject in silken covers' where only certain group of people are entitle to touch upon it or to discuss over it. Nor should Islamic Law regarded as an “ancient system” where its applicability is only relevant in ancient times with different situations and circumstances. Islamic Law should not be taken “lightly" and should never be practiced or enforced "partly" (for example only Islamic Family Law is Applied in Malaysia). Instead in upholding, applying and following the Islamic Law, it should be in the light of the true Islamic principles. The Quran provides; “If any do fail to judge by what Allah has revealed, they are unbelievers". "If any fail to judge by what Allah has revealed, they are wrongdoers”. "If any fail to judge by what Allah revealed, they are those who rebel". "It is not befitting for a believer, man or woman, when a matter has been decided by Allah and His messenger to have any option about their decision. If anymore disobeys Allah and His Messenger, he is indeed clearly on a wrong path". Then is it only a part of the Book that you believe in and do you reject the rest? But what is the reward for those among you who behave like this but disgrace in this life? And on the day of judgement they shall be consigned to the most grievous penalty. For God is not unmindful of what you do"

Assigning optimum time period for using evaporation cooling systems in Iraq

Increasing demand on electricity power during summer in Iraq because of increasing averages of temperature reached 47 ºC and continuous to increase and the problems facing Iraq is the increasing in peak load for the electrical system because of using cooling and air-conditioning operated by compressed gases, according it is obliged to search  for alternative methods to activate   electrical power consumption and one of solutions and processing is  using application of cooling  by evaporation (evaporation coolers) consumed less electrical and  power compared with other cooling devices  which provide power of amount (80%) and for what Iraq characterized by climate conditions such as  scarcity of relative humidity among the research results, the general average of monthly average of relative humidity in Iraq during the summer season (the study period) for 36 years for the period (1980-2015) not exceeded (42%) as for  the general average of the monthly average of temperature for the same period was higher average for it (31 ºC) and for these two elements are the core to identify the cooling  efficiency, according Iraq is considered one of the  good area to use the evaporation cooling applications, where the general average  of monthly average of cooling efficiency for the same period was higher average(51%) and the optimum time period  for using the evaporation  cooling applications in Iraq  in July at  Salahdd in  city center with monthly efficiency average (60%)