Representation of Coherence in the Story of Ibrahim Peace Be Upon him Based on Discourse Semantics Sign Analysis

From among the important and old approaches of Quran scholars is thinking about the language and the ways of understanding and interpreting its extensive text that has different artistic religious and cognitive aspects One of these approaches is the linguistic and literary approach to Quran about which many persons such as Seyyed Ghotb Mostanser Mir Nil Robinson Izutsu Anglika Noyort have compiled a set of plans and books With advance in the analysis of different issues of linguistics and semiotics in different texts it might be understood that the text of holy Quran and especially Quranic stories include many of linguistic techniques to convey and induce its sublime concepts However this aspect has less been dealt with By analyzing the story of Ibrahim peace be upon him based on discourse semantics signs analysis the present study tries to investigate and examine different discourse systems such as prescriptive cognitive-interaction and tension and obtains interesting findings that highlight the elevation of structure and meanings of the story and confirms a body-like unity on the surface and a unique coherence in meaning Given the point that in this study the researchers are not to know about the values of Quranic stories for having these discourse systems but just intend to manifest and highlight this dimension of discourse systems in structure and meaning of Quranic storie

The antioxidant and Flavonoids contents of Althaea officinalis L. flowers based on their color

Objective: There has been a growing interest in finding plants with biological active ingredients for medicinal application. Materials and Methods: Three colors of petals of Althaea officinalis (A. officinalis) flowers, i.e., pink, reddish pink, and white were examined for total antioxidant activity and flavonoids content. Results: The reddish pink flowers of A. officinalis have more antioxidant activity and the power of antioxidant activity was reddish pink > pink > white. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the dark color can serve as an indicator of antioxidant content of the plant. Flavonoid content was highest in white flower thus this result indicated that flowers with light color can be considered for medicinal uses

A Review of Important Indicators in Scientomerics (Co-Citation & Co-Word) and the Necessity of Using Them in Scientific Products Analysis

The main objective of this study is to introduce important indicators of scientometrics such as co-citation and co-word and their application in the analysis and visualization of scientific records indexed in citation databases. This research is conducted relying on scientometric approach; and the scientific products related to exegesis in Web of Science database are used as the statistical population in the second part of this research. Using scientometric techniques, experts in information science analyze scientific products and records indexed in different citation databases to find out top authors, countries, institutes, and organizations in every thematic field as well as main topics and core journals in order to visualize the scientific products in every given field for the purpose of scientific mapping using various scientometric techniques such as co-citation and co-word. Showing the frequency of words, co-word analysis displays the most significant research topics in every given field. Moreover, co-citation analysis which has high application in scientific product analysis is used to map the intellectual structure in a research domain

The effect of low- dose tranexamic acid on postoperative blood loss in patients treated with clopidogrel and aspirin

Background: Clopidogrel in combination with aspirin increases bleeding, allogeneic red cell transfusion and reoperation rates after CABG. Tranexamic acid, an antifibrinolytic agent, has been approved for use in cardiac surgery to reduce bleeding. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of tranexamic acid on the transfusion and post-operative blood loss after CABG in patients treated with clopidogrel less than 5 days before surgery. Methods: This study was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Patients undergoing on-pump CABG with their last dose of clopidogrel and aspirin less than 5 days preoperatively were randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (10 mg/kg before surgical incision and 10 mg/kg after protamine neutralization) or a corresponding volume of saline solution. The incidence of allogeneic red cell transfusion and 48h postoperative blood loss were recorded. Results: The average volume of blood loss was 776.92±459.81mL for the TXA group and 1075.00±670.91mL for the control group (P=0.03) in the patients with clopidogrel exposure within 48 h before surgery. The average volume of blood loss was not different between two groups in the patients with clopidogrel exposure within 5 days before surgery and also transfusion rate. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that tranexamic acid reduced blood loss in the patients with clopidogrel exposure within 48 h before surgery. So, it is better that we use tranexamic acid before surgery in all patients

Effect of Smoking Cessation on Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction after Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND: Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of global mortality. Moreover, Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) is the most important predictor of post-AMI mortality. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between smoking cessation and LVEF following one year from the STEMI.CASE REPORT: The present study was a part of the Kermanshah STEMI Registry and included 825 smokers admitted to Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran, with AMI during a 2-year study period. Data collection was performed using the standardized case report form by the European Observational Registry Program (EORP). Moreover, multiple logistic regression was used to compare LVEF between the patients who had quit smoking post-AMI and those who were still smokers after one year. Also, one-to-one Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was used to reduce the assessment error and selection bias, increase the result accuracy, and minimize the effects of confounders on the LVEF-smoking relationship.Results: Following one year after AMI, 219 (26.55%) patients had quit smoking, while 606 (73.45%) still smoked. Using the PSM, a total of 168 ex-smokers were matched to 168 current smokers. Moreover, it was shown that LVEF was higher in current smokers compared to ex-smokers. However, the difference was not significant. Also, multiple logistic regression showed that the Odds Ratio (OR) of LVEF reduction was insignificantly higher in ex-smokers (OR=1.13; 95% CI: 0.98-1.29) compared to current smokers. Multivariate regression analysis found similar results even after the application of PSM (OR 1.02; 95% CI: 0.82-1.22).CONCLUSIONS: Given the low rate of smoking cessation after MI, physicians are recommended to ask about the smoking status of MI patients at each office visit or re-admission and strongly recommend quitting smoking

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe

Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality : methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Background While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.Peer reviewe

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings Globally in 2019, 1.14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1.13-1.16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7.41 trillion (7.11-7.74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27.5% [26. 5-28.5] reduction) and females (37.7% [35.4-39.9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0.99 billion (0.98-1.00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7.69 million (7.16-8.20) deaths and 200 million (185-214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20.2% [19.3-21.1] of male deaths). 6.68 million [86.9%] of 7.69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7.69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a dear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target—1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023—we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95% uncertainty interval 44·2–47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7–61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6% [1·9–3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010–2019 relative to 1990–2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6–421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0–3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5–1040·3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people—the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close—or how far—all populations are in benefiting from UHC