Light In The Darkness: African Americans and the YMCA, 1852-1946

From the time of its emergence in the United States in 1852, the Young Men\u27s Christian Association excluded blacks from membership in white branches but encouraged them to form their own associations and to join the Christian brotherhood on separate but equal terms. Nina Mjagkij\u27s book, the first comprehensive study of African Americans in the YMCA, is a compelling account of hope and success in the face of adversity. African American men, faced with emasculation through lynchings, disenfranchisement, race riots, and Jim Crow laws, hoped that separate YMCAs would provide the opportunity to exercise their manhood and joined in large numbers, particularly members of the educated elite. Although separate black YMCAs were the product of discrimination and segregation, to African Americans they symbolized the power of racial solidarity, representing a light in the darkness of racism. By the early twentieth century there existed a network of black-controlled associations that increasingly challenged the YMCA to end segregation. But not until World War II did the organization, in response to growing protest, pass a resolution urging white associations to end Jim Crowism. Using previously untapped sources, Nina Mjagkij traces the YMCA\u27s changing racial policies and practices and examines the evolution of African American associations and their leadership from slavery to desegregation. Here is a vivid and moving portrayal of African Americans struggling to build black-controlled institutions in their search for cultural self-determination. Light in the Darkness uncovers an important aspect of the struggle for racial advancement and makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the African American experience. Nina Mjagkij is assistant professor of history at Ball State University. Provides a useful overview of major figures, events, and significant themes in the largely ignored story of black men’s work in this enduring organization. —American Historical Review Drawing on a wide range of sources—especially the newly opened records of the YMCA and the papers of lesser known black leaders—Mjagkij tells an interesting story of the strategy adopted by a group of conservative leaders. —Contemporary Sociology The individuals introduced and the issues raised by Mjagkij provide a pivotal starting point for future studies that will add new chapters to the investigation of the YMCA and this period of African American history. —Journal of Mississippi History A significant contribution to the history of institutional racism in this country...extensively researched, carefully documented, and includes an excellent bibliography. —Journal of Southern History The first comprehensive study of African American in the YMCA and their struggles and triumphs in the face of racial adversity. —South Carolina Historical Magazine Highly significant. . . . Illuminates a wide range of important issues, from race relations to white philanthropy, through a careful analysis of African Americans’ involvement with the YMCA for almost a century, a subject that has previously received scant attention. —Willard B. Gatewoodhttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_african_american_studies/1029/thumbnail.jp

Margarita de Sossa, Sixteenth-Century Puebla de los Ángeles, New Spain (Mexico)

Margarita de Sossa’s freedom journey was defiant and entrepreneurial. In her early twenties, still enslaved in Portugal, she took possession of her body; after refusing to endure her owner’s sexual demands, he sold her, and she was transported to Mexico. There, she purchased her freedom with money earned as a healer and then conducted an enviable business as an innkeeper. Sossa’s biography provides striking insights into how she conceptualized freedom in terms that included – but was not limited to – legal manumission. Her transatlantic biography offers a rare insight into the life of a free black woman (and former slave) in late sixteenth-century Puebla, who sought to establish various degrees of freedom for herself. Whether she was refusing to acquiesce to an abusive owner, embracing entrepreneurship, marrying, purchasing her own slave property, or later using the courts to petition for divorce. Sossa continued to advocate on her own behalf. Her biography shows that obtaining legal manumission was not always equivalent to independence and autonomy, particularly if married to an abusive husband, or if financial successes inspired the envy of neighbors