Aqueous Ozone Inactivation of Viruses and Bacteria on Biotic and Abiotic Surfaces

Produce is susceptible to contamination by foodborne pathogens. Food service establishments utilize sanitizing agents to reduce microbes on produce surfaces. The research objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous ozone 1) on the inactivation of viruses and bacteria on produce; 2) on the inactivation of viruses on stainless steel; and 3) against viruses in association with bacteria on produce surfaces. For objective 1, Boston bibb lettuce and cherry tomatoes were spot inoculated with a cocktail of viruses (murine norovirus (MNV) and MS2 bacteriophage) or bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus cereus) and washed for 40 min with samples taken every 10 min. For objective 2, stainless steel (SS) coupons were spot inoculated with the same cocktail of viruses and washed for 0.5, 3, and 10 min. For objective 3, Boston bibb was spot inoculated with either MNV and E. cloacae or MNV and B. cereus and washed for 40 min with samples taken every 10 min. Inocula were allowed to dry for \u3e 90 min. A batch wash ozone sanitation system (BWOSS) was prepared with ice (3-5°C) and 0.5 ppm ozone or no ozone. Surfaces were treated with either an ozone or water wash with samples taken over time and repeated in at least duplicate. Samples were processed to determine plaque forming units (PFU) and colony forming units (CFU). In objective 1, there were no significant differences in inactivation of MNV, MS2, or bacteria with ozone compared to water only. There was greater variability in viral reduction while bacterial inactivation increased over time. In objective 2, there was no significant difference in inactivation of MNV or MS2 on SS, but the variability was reduced. The log reduction difference between ozone and water for MNV and MS2 after 10 min was 0.25 and 0.51 PFU/ml, respectively. In objective 3, MNV-bacteria association on lettuce did not impact ozone inactivation of MNV. The log reduction differences between ozone and water for MNV with B. cereus and MNV with E. cloacae after 40 min were 0.95 and -0.36 PFU/ml, respectively. Further research is needed on how food matrices effects viral inactivation by ozone

“Even the Rain: What it Gets Right and What it Gets Wrong About Water Privatization”

Water privatization tends to be skewed significantly negative in films such as Even the Rain and others which prevents an obstacle to a more nuanced approach. These films tend to leave information about problems that existed before and after a private company gets involved. With an increasing population and effects from climate change, water’s value economically, environmentally, and culturally will increase in the future. A close examination of the water conflict in Cochabamba, Bolivia could provide insights on the issues of solving water scarcity and providing access to clean water to people. Even the Rain and films with similar approaches do highlight cultural issues of privatization such as the undertones of neo-colonialism and ahistorical perspective by multinational companies. However, they fail to account for viable methods to solve the water infrastructure problems faced in Cochabamba and similar places

The Use Of Parkinson’s Disease Specific Rehabilitative Interventions To Treat A Patient With Lewy Body Dementia: A Case Report

Background and Purpose: (Lewy Body Dementia) LBD is commonly known as a differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) as they both have a similar epidemiology and present with similar symptoms. Due to the paucity of research on physical therapy (PT) interventions for LBD, it may be suitable to use PD specific interventions as a treatment. The proposal to use Parkinson specific interventions, primarily Lee Silverman Voice Treatment-Big (LSVT BIG), may be considered. The purpose of this case study was to provide information about what LBD is, how it presents, and how PD specific interventions were used as a treatment. Case Description: The patient was a 57 year old male referred to PT with PD and a potential differential diagnosis of LBD. He presented primarily with shuffling and en bloc gait, decreased mobility, and impaired balance with secondary impairments from dementia. His treatment consisted primarily of the LSVT BIG intervention for both clinic and home exercise. Secondary to his dementia and lack of consistent transportation, the patient was unable to consistently attend therapy sessions and maintain regular therapeutic exercise. The patient’s inability to come to therapy sessions consistently prompted us to treat his impairments based on his primary concern that day. Outcome: He was assessed using the Timed Up and Go, 30 second sit-to-stand, Mini-BESTest, 6 Minute Walk Test, and gait speed, in which he made improvements in all outcomes. Discussion: Due to the patient’s inability to consistently attend PT sessions, it was hard to determine whether the interventions used made lasting functional improvements. Future studies should look at rehabilitation interventions to determine if LBD can be treated with similar interventions used for patients with PD

Alpha II Antiplasmin Deficiency Complicating Pregnancy: A Case Report

Background. Alpha II antiplasmin is a protein involved in the inhibition of fibrinolysis. A deficiency in this protein leads to increased hemorrhage. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. Case. 30-year-old Gravida 1, Para 0, presented for prenatal care with her first and subsequently her second pregnancy. Her medical history was significant for a known deficiency in alpha II antiplasmin. Her first and second pregnancies were complicated by nonobstetrical hemorrhage requiring transfusions and severe preeclampsia requiring preterm deliveries. Conclusion. Alpha II antiplasmin deficiency resulted in multiple episodes of nonobstetrical hemorrhages requiring transfusion and ultimately preterm deliveries due to severe preeclampsia. Both infants and mother had a good outcome. The presence of this disorder may require a multidisciplinary team approach involving obstetricians, pediatricians, and hematologists. Precis. Alpha II antiplasmin deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder leading to increased fibrinolysis and hemorrhage. We present a case report of a pregnancy complicated by this disorder

Women in the French Revolution

Beginning with a detailed history of the sparks that led to the Revolution in France (1789–1799), this essay gives French women praise by illustrating the specific types of women who assisted in the Revolution: the women of the mob, Charlotte Corday, Madame Roland, Madame de Stael, the Princess de Lamballe and Marie Antoinette

Ten Years of Rhode Island History

Chronicles the economic and political struggles of the colonies of North America from 1765 to 1775, ultimately leading to the United States Declaration of Independence from the British Empire, with an emphasis on Rhode Island

Doing evolution in economic geography

Evolutionary approaches in economic geography face questions about the relationships between their concepts, theories, methods, politics, and policy implications. Amidst the growing but unsettled consensus that evolutionary approaches should employ plural methodologies, the aims here are, first, to identify some of the difficult issues confronting those working with different frameworks. The concerns comprise specifying and connecting research objects, subjects, and levels; handling agency and context; engaging and integrating the quantitative and the qualitative; comparing cases; and, considering politics, policy, and praxis. Second, the purpose is to articulate a distinctive geographical political economy approach, methods, and illustrative examples in addressing these issues. Bringing different views of evolution in economic geography into dialogue and disagreement renders methodological pluralism a means toward improved understanding and explanation rather than an end in itself. Confronting such thorny matters needs to be embedded in our research practices and supported by greater openness; more and better substantiation of our conceptual, theoretical, and empirical claims; enhanced critical reflection; and deeper engagement with politics, policy, and praxis