The impact of food assistance on weight gain and disease progression among HIV-infected individuals accessing AIDS care and treatment services in Uganda

BACKGROUND: The evidence evaluating the benefits of programmatic nutrition interventions to HIV-infected individuals in developing countries, where there is a large overlap between HIV prevalence and malnutrition, is limited. This study evaluates the impact of food assistance (FA) on change in weight and disease progression as measured by WHO staging. METHODS: We utilize program data from The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) in Uganda to compare outcomes among FA recipients to a control group, using propensity score matching (PSM) methods among 14,481 HIV-infected TASO clients. RESULTS: FA resulted in a significant mean weight gain of 0.36 kg over one year period. This impact was conditional on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) receipt and disease stage at baseline. FA resulted in mean weight gain of 0.36 kg among individuals not receiving ART compared to their matched controls. HIV-infected individuals receiving FA with baseline WHO stage II and III had a significant weight gain (0.26 kg and 0.2 kg respectively) compared to their matched controls. Individuals with the most advanced disease at baseline (WHO stage IV) had the highest weight gain of 1.9 kg. The impact on disease progression was minimal. Individuals receiving FA were 2 percentage points less likely to progress by one or more WHO stage compared to their matched controls. There were no significant impacts on either outcome among individuals receiving ART. CONCLUSIONS: Given the widespread overlap of HIV and malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa, FA programs have the potential to improve weight and delay disease progression, especially among HIV-infected individuals not yet on ART. Additional well designed prospective studies evaluating the impact of FA are urgently needed

Long-term biochemical results after high-dose-rate intensity modulated brachytherapy with external beam radiotherapy for high risk prostate cancer

Abstract Background Biochemical control from series in which radical prostatectomy is performed for patients with unfavorable prostate cancer and/or low dose external beam radiation therapy are given remains suboptimal. The treatment regimen of HDR brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy is a safe and very effective treatment for patients with high risk localized prostate cancer with excellent biochemical control and low toxicity.</p

Neuroinflammation, Mast Cells, and Glia: Dangerous Liaisons

The perspective of neuroinflammation as an epiphenomenon following neuron damage is being replaced by the awareness of glia and their importance in neural functions and disorders. Systemic inflammation generates signals that communicate with the brain and leads to changes in metabolism and behavior, with microglia assuming a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Identification of potential peripheral-to-central cellular links is thus a critical step in designing effective therapeutics. Mast cells may fulfill such a role. These resident immune cells are found close to and within peripheral nerves and in brain parenchyma/meninges, where they exercise a key role in orchestrating the inflammatory process from initiation through chronic activation. Mast cells and glia engage in crosstalk that contributes to accelerate disease progression; such interactions become exaggerated with aging and increased cell sensitivity to stress. Emerging evidence for oligodendrocytes, independent of myelin and support of axonal integrity, points to their having strong immune functions, innate immune receptor expression, and production/response to chemokines and cytokines that modulate immune responses in the central nervous system while engaging in crosstalk with microglia and astrocytes. In this review, we summarize the findings related to our understanding of the biology and cellular signaling mechanisms of neuroinflammation, with emphasis on mast cell-glia interactions

Prognostic impact of reduced connexin43 expression and gap junction coupling of neoplastic stromal cells in giant cell tumor of bone

Missense mutations of the GJA1 gene encoding the gap junction channel protein connexin43 (Cx43) cause bone malformations resulting in oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), while GJA1 null and ODDD mutant mice develop osteopenia. In this study we investigated Cx43 expression and channel functions in giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB), a locally aggressive osteolytic lesion with uncertain progression. Cx43 protein levels assessed by immunohistochemistry were correlated with GCTB cell types, clinico-radiological stages and progression free survival in tissue microarrays of 89 primary and 34 recurrent GCTB cases. Cx43 expression, phosphorylation, subcellular distribution and gap junction coupling was also investigated and compared between cultured neoplastic GCTB stromal cells and bone marow stromal cells or HDFa fibroblasts as a control. In GCTB tissues, most Cx43 was produced by CD163 negative neoplastic stromal cells and less by CD163 positive reactive monocytes/macrophages or by giant cells. Significantly less Cx43 was detected in alpha-smooth muscle actin positive than alpha-smooth muscle actin negative stromal cells and in osteoclast-rich tumor nests than in the adjacent reactive stroma. Progressively reduced Cx43 production in GCTB was significantly linked to advanced clinico-radiological stages and worse progression free survival. In neoplastic GCTB stromal cell cultures most Cx43 protein was localized in the paranuclear-Golgi region, while it was concentrated in the cell membranes both in bone marrow stromal cells and HDFa fibroblasts. In Western blots, alkaline phosphatase sensitive bands, linked to serine residues (Ser369, Ser372 or Ser373) detected in control cells, were missing in GCTB stromal cells. Defective cell membrane localization of Cx43 channels was in line with the significantly reduced transfer of the 622 Da fluorescing calcein dye between GCTB stromal cells. Our results show that significant downregulation of Cx43 expression and gap junction coupling in neoplastic stromal cells are associated with the clinical progression and worse prognosis in GCTB

Biological Function and Molecular Mapping of M Antigen in Yeast Phase of Histoplasma capsulatum

Histoplasmosis, due to the intracellular fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, can be diagnosed by demonstrating the presence of antibodies specific to the immunodominant M antigen. However, the role of this protein in the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis has not been elucidated. We sought to structurally and immunologically characterize the protein, determine yeast cell surface expression, and confirm catalase activity. A 3D-rendering of the M antigen by homology modeling revealed that the structures and domains closely resemble characterized fungal catalases. We generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the protein and determined that the M antigen is present on the yeast cell surface and in cell wall/cell membrane preparations. Similarly, we found that the majority of catalase activity was in extracts containing fungal surface antigens and that the M antigen is not significantly secreted by live yeast cells. The mAbs also identified unique epitopes on the M antigen. The localization of the M antigen to the cell surface of H. capsulatum yeast and the characterization of the protein's major epitopes have important implications since it demonstrates that although the protein may participate in protecting the fungus against oxidative stress it is also accessible to host immune cells and antibody

Enzymatic Glucose Based Bio batteries: Bioenergy to Fuel Next Generation Devices

[EN] This article consists of a review of the main concepts and paradigms established in the field of biological fuel cells or biofuel cells. The aim is to provide an overview of the current panorama, basic concepts, and methodologies used in the field of enzymatic biofuel cells, as well as the applications of these bio-systems in flexible electronics and implantable or portable devices. Finally, the challenges needing to be addressed in the development of biofuel cells capable of supplying power to small size devices with applications in areas related to health and well-being or next-generation portable devices are analyzed. The aim of this study is to contribute to biofuel cell technology development; this is a multidisciplinary topic about which review articles related to different scientific areas, from Materials Science to technology applications, can be found. With this article, the authors intend to reach a wide readership in order to spread biofuel cell technology for different scientific profiles and boost new contributions and developments to overcome future challenges.Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University, through the State Program for Talent and Employability Promotion 2013-2016 by means of Torres Quevedo research contract in the framework of Bio2 project (PTQ-14-07145) and from the Instituto Valenciano de Competitividad Empresarial-IVACE-GVA (BioSensCell project)Buaki-Sogo, M.; García-Carmona, L.; Gil Agustí, MT.; Zubizarreta Saenz De Zaitegui, L.; García Pellicer, M.; Quijano-Lopez, A. (2020). Enzymatic Glucose Based Bio batteries: Bioenergy to Fuel Next Generation Devices. Topics in Current Chemistry (Online). 378(6):1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-020-00312-8S1283786Schlögl R (2015) The revolution continues: Energiewende 2.0. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:4436–4439Mitcheson PD, Yeatman EM, Rao GK, Holmes AS, Green TC (2008) Energy harvesting from human and machine motion for wireless electronic devices. Proc IEEE 96(9):1457–1486Wang ZL, Wu W (2012) Nanotechnology-enabled energy harvesting for self-powered micro-/nanosystems. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:11700-11721Lamy C, Lima A, LeRhun V, Delime F, Coutanceau C, Léger J-M (2002) Recent advances in the development of direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFC). J Power Sources 105:283Cheng X, Shi Z, Glass N, Zhang L, Zhang J, Song D, Liu Z-S, Wang H, Shen J (2007) A review of PEM hydrogen fuel cell contamination: impacts, mechanisms, and mitigation. J Power Sources 165:739Boudghere Stambouli A, Traversa E (2002) Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC): a review of an environmentally clean and efficient source of energy. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 6:433–455Qiao Y, Li CM (2011) Nanostructured catalyst in fuel cells. J Mater Chem 21:4027–4036Edwards PP, Kuznetsov VL, David WIF, Brandon NP (2008) Hydrogen and fuel cells: towards sustainable energy future. Energy Policy 36:4356–4362Kirubakaran A, Jain S, Nema RK (2009) A review on fuel cell technologies and power electronic interface. Renew Sustain Energy 13:2430–2440Kerzenmacher S, Ducree J, Zengerle R, von Stetten F (2008) An abiotically catalyzed glucose fuel cell for powering medical implants: reconstructed manufacturing protocol and analysis of performance. J Power Sources 182:66–75Drake RF, Kusserow BK, Messinger S, Matsuda S (1970) A tissue implantable fuel cell power supply. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 16:199–205Giner J, Holleck G, Malachesky PA (1973) Eine implantierbare Brennstoffzelle zum Betrieb eines mechanischen Herzens. Phys Chem 77:782–783. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19730771009Cosnier S, LeGoff A, Holzinger M (2014) Towards glucose biofuel cells implanted in human body for powering artificial organs: review. Electrochem Commun 38:19–23Katz E (2015) Implantable biofuel cells operating in vivo—potential power sources for bioelectronic devices. Bioelectron Med 2:1–12Bullen RA, Arnot TC, Lakeman JB, Walsh FC (2006a) Biofuel cells and their development . Biosens Bioelectron 21:2015–2045Cooney MJ, Svoboda V, Lau C, Martin G, Minteer SD (2008) Enzyme catalysed biofuel cells. Energy Environ Sci 1:320–337Cracknell JA, Vincent KA, Armstrong FA (2008) Enzymes as working or inspirational electrocatalysts for fuel cells and electrolysis. Chem Rev 108:2439–2461Sheldon RA (2007) Enzyme immobilization: the quest for optimum performance. Adv Synth Catal 349:1289–1307Bullen RA, Arnot TC, Lakeman JB, Walsh FC (2006b) Biofuel cells and their development. Biosens Bioelectron 21:2015–2045Koch C, Popiel D, Harnisch F (2014) Functional redundancy of microbial anodes fed by domestic wastewater. ChemElectroChem 1:1923–1931Mano N, Mao F, Heller A (2003) Characteristics of a miniature compartment-less glucose−O2 biofuel cell and its operation in a living plant. J Am Chem Soc 125(21):6588–6594Mano N, Mao F, Heller A (2002) A miniature biofuel cell operating in a physiological buffer. J Am Chem Soc 124(44):12962–12963Bruen D, Delaney C, Florea L, Diamond D (2017) Glucose sensing for diabetes monitoring: recent developments. Sensors 17:1866Falk M, Blum Z, Shleev S (2012) Direct electron transfer based enzymatic fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 82:191–202White HB (1976) Coenzymes as fossils of an earlier metabolic state. J Mol Evol 7:101–104Broderick JB (2001) Coenzymes and cofactors. In: eLS. Wiley, Chichester. https://www.els.net. https://doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0000631Sakurai T, Kataoka K (2007) Basic and applied features of multicopper oxidases, CueO, bilirubin oxidase, and laccase. Chem Rec 7:220–229Bankar SB, Bule MV, Singhal RS, Ananthanarayan L (2009) Glucose oxidase—an overview. Biotech Adv 27:489–501Ferri S, Kojima K, Sode K (2011) Review of glucose oxidases and glucose dehydrogenases: a bird’s eye view of glucose sensing enzymes. J Diabetes Sci Technol 5:1068–1076Katz E, MacVittie K (2013) Implanted biofuel cells operating in vivo—methods, applications and perspectives—feature article. Energy Environ Sci 6:2791–2803Ghindilis AL, Atanasov P, Wilkins E (1997) Enzyme catalysed direct electron transfer: fundamentals and analytical applications. Electroanalysis 9:661–674Von Woedtke Th, Fisher U, Abel P (1994) Glucose oxidase electrodes: effect of H2O2 on enzyme activity? Biosens Bioelectron 9:65–71Kleppe K (1966) The effect of H2O2 on glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger. Biochemistry 5:139–143Zebda A, Godran C, Le Goff A, Holzinger M, Cinquin P, Cosnier S (2011) Mediatorless high-power glucose biofuel cells based on compressed carbon nanotube-enzyme electrodes. Nat Commun 2:370Borenstein A, Hanna O, Attias R, Luski S, Brousse T, Aurbach D (2017) Carbon-based composite materials for supercapacitor electrodes: a review. J Mater Chem A 5:12653–12672Angione MD, Pilolli R, Cotrone S, Magliulo M, Mallardi A, Palazzo G, Sabbatini L, Fine D, Dodabalapur A, Lioffi N, Torsi L (2011) Carbon based nanomaterials for electronic bio-sensing. Mat Today 14:424–433Cha C, Shin SR, Annabi N, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A (2013) Carbon based nanomaterials: multifunctional materials for biomedical engineering. ACS Nano 7:2891–2897Wang Z, Dai Z (2015) Carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical biosensors: an overview. Nanoscale 7:6420–6431Jariwala D, Sangwan VK, Lauhon LJ, Marks TJ, Hersam MC (2013) Carbon nanomaterials for electronics, optoelectronics, photovoltaics and sensing. Chem Soc Rev 42:2824–2860Babadi AA, Bagheri S, Abdul Hamid SB (2016) Progress on implantable biofuel cell: nano-carbon functionalization for enzyme immobilization enhancement. Biosens Bioelectron 15:850–860Osadebe I, Leech D (2014) Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on glucose oxidation by glucose oxidase or a flavin-dependent glucose dehydrogenase in redox-polymer-mediated enzymatic fuel cell anodes. ChemElectroChem 1:1988–1993Si P, Huang Y, Wang T, Ma J (2013) Nanomaterials for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. RSC Adv 3:3487–3502Putzbach W, Ronkainen NJ (2013) Immobilization techniques in the fabrication of nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors: a review. Sensors 13(4):4811–4840Walcarius A, Minteer SD, Wang J, Lin Y, Merkoçi A (2013) Nanomaterials for bio-functionalized electrodes: recent trends. J Mater Chem B 1:4878–4908Datta S, Christena LR, Rajaram YRS (2013) Enzyme immobilization: an overview on techniques and support materials. 3 Biotech 3(1):1–9Ivanov I, Vidaković-Koch T, Sundmaker K (2010) Recent advances in enzymatic fuel cells; experiments and modelling. Energies 3:803–846Nguyen HH, Kim M (2017) An overview of techniques in enzyme immobilization. Appl Sci Converg Technol 26(6):157–163Fu J, Reinhold J, Woodbury NW (2011) Peptide-modified surfaces for enzyme immobilization. PLoS One 6(4):e18692Lee DH, Park CH, Yeo JM, Kim SW (2006) Lipase immobilization on silica gel using a cross-linking method. J Ind Eng Chem 12(5):777–782Szymańska K, Bryjak J, Jarzębski AB (2009) Immobilization of invertase on mesoporous silicas to obtain hyper active biocatalysts. Top Catal 52:1030–1036Al-Lolage F, Meneghello M, Ma S, Ludwig R, Barlett PN (2017) A flexible method for the stable, covalent immobilization of enzymes at electrode surfaces. ChemElectroChem 4:1528–1534Gutierrez-Sanchez C, Shleev S, De Lacey AL, Pita M (2015) Third-generation oxygen amperometric biosensor based on Trametes hirsuta laccase covalently bound to graphite electrode. Chem Pap 69:237–240Pita M, Gutierrez-Sanchez C, Toscano MD, Shleev S, De Lacey AL (2013) Oxygen biosensor based on bilirubin oxidase immobilized on a nanostructured gold electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 94:69–74Vaz-Dominguez C, Campuzano S, Rüdiger O, Pita M, Gorbacheva M, Shleev S, Fernandez VM, de Lacey LA (2008) Laccase electrode for direct electrocatalytic reduction of O2 to H2O with high-operational stability and resistance to chloride inhibition. Biosens Bioelectron 24(4):531–537Gutiérrez-Sánchez C, Jia W, Beyl Y, Pita M, Schuhmann W, de Lacey LA, Stoica L (2012) Enhanced direct electron transfer between laccase and hierarchical carbon microfibers/carbon nanotubes composite electrodes. Comparison of three enzyme immobilization methods. Electrochim Acta 82:218–223Lv Y, Jin S, Wang Y, Lun Z, Xia C (2016) Recent advances in the application of nanomaterials in enzymatic glucose sensors. J Iran Chem Soc 13(10):1767–1776Zhao C, Gai P, Song R, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhu J-J (2017) Nanostructured material-based biofuel cells: recent advances and future prospects. Chem Soc Rev 46:1545–1564Yu EH, Scott K (2010) Enzymatic biofuel cells—fabrication of enzyme electrodes. Energies 3:23–42Minteer SD, Atanassov P, Luckarift HR, Johnson GR (2013) New materials for biological fuel cells. Mater Today 15(4):166–173Sarma AK, Vatsyayan P, Goswami P, Minteer SD (2009) Recent advances in material science for developing enzyme electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 24:2313–2322Jesionowski T, Zdarta J, Krajewska B (2014) Enzyme immobilization by adsorption: a review. Adsorption 20:801–821Sardar M, Gupta MN (2005) Immobilization of tomato pectinase on Con A-Seralose 4B by bioaffinity layering. Enzyme Microbial Technol 37:355–359Sheldon RA (2011) Characteristic features and biotechnological applications of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 92:467–477Velasco-Lozano S, López-Gallego F, Mateos-Díaz JC, Favela-Torres E (2015) Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) in enzyme improvement—a review. Biocatalysis 1:166–177Cosnier S (1999) Biomolecule immobilization on electrode surfaces by entrapment or attachment to electrochemically polymerized films. A review. Biosen Bioelectron 14:443–456Heller A (1990) Electrical wiring of redox enzymes. Acc Chem Res 29:128–134Heller A (1992) Electrical connection of enzyme redox centres to electrodes. J Phys Chem 96:3579–3587Martins MVA, Pereira AR, Luz RAS, Iost RM, Crespilho FN (2014) Evidence of short-range electron transfer of a redox enzyme on graphene oxide electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:17426–17436Luz RAS, Pereira AR, de Souza JCP, Sales FCPF, Crespilho FN (2014) Enzyme biofuel cells: thermodynamics. Kinetics and challenges in applicability. ChemElectroChem 1(11):1751–1777Neto SA, De Andrade AR (2013) New energy sources: the enzymatic biofuel cell. J Braz Chem Soc 24(12):1891–1912Rapoport BI, Kedzierski JT, Sarpeshkar R (2012) A glucose fuel cell for implantable brain–machine interfaces. PLoS One 7(6):6 e38436Zebda A, Alcaraz J-P, Vadgama P, Shleev S, Minteer SD, Boucher F, Cinquin P, Martin DK (2018) Challenges for successful implantation of biofuel cells. Bioelectrochemistry 124:57–72Ferraris RP, Diamond J (1997) Regulation of intestinal sugar transport. Physiol Rev 77:257–301Sprague JE, Arbeláez AM (2011) Glucose counterregulatory responses to hypoglicemia. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 9:463–475Slaughter G, Kulkarni T (2019) Detection of human plasma glucose using a self-powered glucose biosensor. Energies 12:825Rathee K, Dhull V, Dhull R, Singh S (2016) Biosensors based on electrochemical lactate detection: a comprehensive review. Biochem Biophys Rep 5:35–54Koushanpour A, Gamella M, Katz E (2017) A biofuel cell based on biocatalytic reactions of lactate on both anode and cathode electrodes—extracting electrical power from human sweat. Electroanalysis 29:1602–1611Yao Y, Li H, Wang D, Liu C, Zhang C (2017) An electrochemiluminescence cloth-based biosensor with smartphone-based imaging for detection of lactate in saliva. Analyst 142:3715–3724Pankratov D, González-Arribas E, Blum Z, Shleev S (2016) Tear based bioelectronics. Electroanalysis 28:1250–1266Krogstad AL, Jansson PA, Gisslen P, Lönnroth P (1996) Microdialysis methodology for the measurement of dermal interstitial fluid in humans. Br J Dermatol 134(6):1005–1012Bandodkar AJ, Wang J (2016) Wearable biofuel cells: a review. Electroanalysis 28:1188–1200Jia W, Valdés-Ramírez G, Bandodkar AJ, Windmiller JR, Wang J (2013) Epidermal biofuel cells: energy harvesting from human perspiration. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:1–5Jeerapan I, Sempionatto JR, Pavinatto A, You J-M, Wang J (2016) Stretchable biofuel cells as wearable textile-based self-powered sensors. J Mater Chem A 4:18342–18353Valdés-Ramírez G, Li Y-G, Kima J, Jia W, Bandodkar AJ, Nuñez-Flores R, Miller PR, Wu S-Y, Narayan R, Windmiller JR, Polsky R, Wang J (2016) Microneedle-based self-powered glucose sensor. Electrochem Commun 47:58–62Gamella M, Koushanpour A, Katz E (2018) Biofuel cells—activation of micro- and macro- electronic devices. Bioelectrochemistry 119:33–42Mano N, Mao F, Shin W, Chen T, Heller A (2003) A miniature biofuel cell operating at 0.78 V. Chem Commun 20:518–519Shi B, Li Z, Fan Y (2018) Implantable energy harvesting devices. Adv Mater 30:1801511MacVittie K, Halámek J, Halámková L, Southcott M, Jemison WD, Lobel R, Katz E (2013) From “cyborg” lobsters to a pacemaker powered by implantable biofuel cells. Energy Environ Sci 6:81–86Szczupak A, Halámek J, Halámková L, Bocharova V, Alfonta L, Katz E (2012) Living battery—biofuel cells operating in vivo in clams. Energy Environ Sci 5:8891–8895Southcott M, MacVittie K, Halámek J, Halámková L, Jemison WD, Lobel R, Katz E (2013) A pacemaker powered by an implantable biofuel cell operating under conditions mimicking the human blood circulatory system—battery not included. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15:6278–6283MacVittie K, Conlon T, Katz E (2015) A wireless transmission system powered by an enzyme biofuel cell implanted in an orange. Bioelectrochemistry 106:28–33Aghahosseini H, Ramazani A, Asiabi PA, Gouranlou F, Hosseini F, Rezaei A, Min B-K, Joo SW (2016) Glucose-based biofuel cells: nanotechnology as a vital science in biofuel cell performance. Nanochem Res 1(2):83–204Zebda A, Cosnier S, Alcaraz J-P, Holzinger M, Le Goff A, Gondran C, Boucher F, Giroud F, Gorgy K, Lamraoui H, Cinquin P (2013) Single glucose biofuel cells implanted in rats power electronic devices. Sci Rep 2013:1516Ichi-Ribault SE, Alcaraz J-P, Boucher F, Boutaud B, Dalmolin R, Boutonnat J, Cinquin P, Zebda A, Martin DK (2018) Remote wireless control of an enzymatic biofuel cell implanted in a rabbit for 2 months. Electrochim Acta 269:360–366Bandodkar A (2017) Review—wearable biofuel cells: past, present and future. J Electrochem Soc 164(3):H3007–H3014Coman V, Ludwig R, Harreither W, Haltrich D, Gorton L, Ruzgas T, Shleev S (2010) A direct electron transfer-based glucose/oxygen biofuel cell operating in human serum. Fuel Cells 10(1):9–16Shoji K, Akiyama Y, Suzuki M, Nakamura N, Ohno H, Morishima K (2016) Biofuel cell backpacked insect and its application to wireless sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 78:390–395Reuillard B, Abreu C, Lalaoui N, Le Goff A, Holzinger M, Ondel O, Buret F, Cosnier S (2015) One-year stability for a glucose/oxygen biofuel cell combined with pH reactivation of the laccase/carbon nanotube biocathode. Bioelectrochemistry 106:73–76Sales FCPF, Iost RM, Martins MVA, Almeida MC, Crespilho FN (2013) An intravenous implantable glucose/dioxygen biofuel cell with modified flexible carbon fiber electrodes. Lab Chip 13:468Falk M, Narvez Villarrubia CW, Babanova S, Atanassov P, Shleev S (2013) Biofuel cells for biomedical applications: colonizing the animal kingdom. ChemPhysChem 14:2045–2058Rasmussen M, Ritzmann RE, Lee I, Pollack AJ, Scherson D (2012) An implantable biofuel cell for a live insect. J Am Chem Soc 134(3):1458–1460Halámková L, Halámek J, Bocharova V, Szczupak A, Alfonta L, Katz E (2012) Implanted biofuel cell operating in a living snail. J Am Chem Soc 134:5040–5043Cinquin P, Gondran C, Giroud F, Mazabrard S, Pellisier A, Boucher F, Alcaraz J-P, Gorgy K, Lenouvel F, Mathé S, Porcu P, Cosnier S (2010) A glucose biofuel cell implanted in rats. Plos One 5(5):e010476Chen C, Xie Q, Yang D, Xiao H, Fu Y, Tan S, Yao S (2013) Recent advances in electrochemical glucose biosensors: a review. RSC Adv 3:4473–4491Andoralov V, Falk M, Suyatin DB, Granmo M, Sotres J, Ludwig R, Popov VO, Schouenborg J, Blum Z, Shleev S (2013) Biofuel cell based on microscale nanostructured electrodes with inductive coupling to rat brain neuronsVerbeek MM, Leen WG, Willemsen MA, Slats D, Claassen JA (2016) Hourly analysis of cerebrospinal fluid glucose shows large diurnal fluctuations. J Cereb Blood F Met 36(5):899–902González-Guerrero MJ, Del Campo FJ, Esquivel JP, Leech D, Sabaté N (2017) Paper-based microfluidic biofuel cell operating under glucose concentrations within physiological range. Biosens Bioelectron 90:475–480Takeuchi ES, Leising RA (2002) Lithium batteries for biomedical applications. MRS Bull 27(8):624–627Bock DC, Marschilok A, Takeuchi KJ, Takeuchi ES (2012) Batteries used to power implantable biomedical devices. Electrochim Acta 84:155–164Greatbatch W, Lee JH, Mathias W, Eldridge M, Moser JR, Schneider AA (1971) The solid-state lithium battery: a new improved chemical power source for implantable cardiac pacemaker. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 18(5):317–324Liu Y, Dong S (2007) A biofuel cell with enhanced power output by grape juice. Electrochem Commun 9(7):1423–1427Choi S, Lee H, Ghaffari R, Hyeon T, Kim D-H (2016) Recent advances in flexible and stretchable bio-electronic devices integrated with nanomaterials. Adv Mater 28:4203–4218Zhou L, Mao J, Ren Y, Han ST, Roy VAL, Zhou Y (2018) Recent advances of flexible data storage devices based on organic nanoscale materials. Small 14(10):1703126Gwon H, Kim H-S, Lee KU, Seo D-H, Park YC, Lee Y-S, Ahn BT, Kong K (2011) Flexible energy storage devices based on graphene paper. Energy Environ Sci 4:1277–1283Pang C, Lee C, Suh K-Y (2013) Recent advances in flexible sensors for wearable and implantable devices. J Appl Pol Sci 130:1429–1441Bandodkar AJ, Wang J (2014) Non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors: a review. Trends Biotech 32(7):363–371Bandodkar AJ, Uia W, Wang J (2015) Tatto-based wearable electrochemical devices: a review. Electroanalysis 27(3):562–572Reid RC, Minteer SD, Gale BK (2015) Contact lens biofuel cell tested in a synthetic tear solution. Biosens Bioelectron 68:142Falk M, Andoralov V, Blum Z, Sotres J, Suyatin DM, Ruzgas T, Arnebrant T, Shleev S (2012) Biofuel cells as a power source for electronic contact lenses. Biosens Bioelectron 37(1):38–45Falk M, Andoralov V, Silow M, Toscano MD, Shleev S (2013) Miniature biofuel cell as a potential power source for Glucose-sensing contact lenses. Anal Chem 85(13):6342–6348Reid R, Jones SR, Hickey DP, Minteer SD, Gale BK (2016) Modeling carbon nanotubes connectivity and surface activity in a contact lens biofuel cell. Electrochim Acta 203:30–40Blum Z, Pankratov D, Shleev S (2014) Powering electronic contact lenses: current achievements, challenges and perspective. Expert Rev Ophthalmol 9(4):269–273Xiao X, Siepenkoetter T, Conghaile PÓ, Leech D, Magner E (2018) Nanoporous gold-based biofuel cell on contact lenses. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(8):7107–7116Yang X-Y, Tian G, Jiang N, Su B-L (2012) Immobilization technology: a sustainable solution for biofuel cell design. Ener Environ Sci 5:5540–5563Mano N (2019) Engineering glucose oxidase for bioelectrochemical applications. Bioelectrochemistry 128:218–240Mate DM, Gonzalez-Perez D, Falk M, Kittl R, Pita M, De Lacey LA, Ludwig R, Shleev S, Alcalde M (2013) Blood tolerant caccase by directed evolution. Chem Biol 20:223–231Zhang L, Carucci C, Reculusa S, Goudeau B, Lefrançois P, Gounel S, Mano N, Kuhn A (2019) Rational design of enzyme-modified electrodes for optimized bioelectrocatalytic activity. ChemElectroChem 6(19):4980–4984Arechederra MN, Addo PK, Minteer SD (2011) Poly(neutral red) as a NAD+ reduction catalyst and a NADH oxidation catalyst: towards the development of a rechargeable biobattery. Electrochim Acta 56:1585Yang Y, Wang ZL (2015) Hybrid energy cells for simultaneously harvesting multi-types of energies. NanoEnergy 14:245–256Hansen BJ, Liu Y, Yang R, Wang ZL (2010) Hybrid nanogenerator for concurrently harvesting biomechanical and biochemical energy. ACS Nano 4:3647Song K, Han JH,

Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Habitat Selection in Female-Calf Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Pairs on the Hawaiian Breeding Grounds

The Au'au Channel between the islands of Maui and Lanai, Hawaii comprises critical breeding habitat for humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) of the Central North Pacific stock. However, like many regions where marine mega-fauna gather, these waters are also the focus of a flourishing local eco-tourism and whale watching industry. Our aim was to establish current trends in habitat preference in female-calf humpback whale pairs within this region, focusing specifically on the busy, eastern portions of the channel. We used an equally-spaced zigzag transect survey design, compiled our results in a GIS model to identify spatial trends and calculated Neu's Indices to quantify levels of habitat use. Our study revealed that while mysticete female-calf pairs on breeding grounds typically favor shallow, inshore waters, female-calf pairs in the Au'au Channel avoided shallow waters (<20 m) and regions within 2 km of the shoreline. Preferred regions for female-calf pairs comprised water depths between 40–60 m, regions of rugged bottom topography and regions that lay between 4 and 6 km from a small boat harbor (Lahaina Harbor) that fell within the study area. In contrast to other humpback whale breeding grounds, there was only minimal evidence of typical patterns of stratification or segregation according to group composition. A review of habitat use by maternal females across Hawaiian waters indicates that maternal habitat choice varies between localities within the Hawaiian Islands, suggesting that maternal females alter their use of habitat according to locally varying pressures. This ability to respond to varying environments may be the key that allows wildlife species to persist in regions where human activity and critical habitat overlap

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta