Evaluación funcional de sistemas sensoriales mediante potenciales evocados en niños con trastornos del espectro autista

Objective: To evaluate the possible sensorial affectation of the somesthetic system in children with speech disorders, mainly with the autistic spectrum disorders (ASD)through the use of the recording technique for somatosensory evoked potential (SEP).Subjects and methods: We performed a longitudinal retrospective study on 40 children remitted to CIREN'S Laboratory of Evoked Potentials from August 2000 to May 2009. The children presented disorders in language acquisition, most of them within the ASD. The sample was composed of 24 males and 16 females (aged between 2 and 13 years of age). To obtain SEP, recording electrodes were applied on the L4-T12 lumbar region (plexus derivation) and in Cz-Fz cortical region, by stimulating the posterior tibial nerve. Additionally, the auditory brainstem response (ABR) was performed to discard functional disorders of the auditory pathway.Results: 92% of the children studied showed alterations in SEP, of which 65% was related to an increment of central conduction time (CCT); 10% had no bilateral cortical response and 12.5% presented morphologic distortion of the evoked cortical response.ABR was conducted on 29 of the 40 studied children, and it was observed that 75.8% were normal and only 24.1% presented anomalies. Of these, 5 were related to affectation of wave I, another presented bilateral hypoacusia and the remaining one had no evoked response, where the bilateral form of dysfunction predominated.Conclusions: Our results suggest a possible relation between the dysfunction of the somesthetic system and language retard. The affectation of this system was greater than the auditory ones in the patients studied.Objetivo: Evaluar mediante el empleo de la técnica de registro de potencial evocado somatosensorial de nervio tibial posterior (PESSt) la posible afectación sensorial del sistema somestésico en niños con trastornos del lenguaje, en particular con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA).Sujetos y Métodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo longitudinal en 40 niños remitidos al Laboratorio de Potenciales Evocados del CIREN en el período comprendido entre agosto del 2000 y mayo del 2009 por presentar trastornos en la adquisición del lenguaje, en su mayoría dentro del espectro autista. La muestra estuvo conformada por 24 varones y 16 hembras (edades entre 2 y 13 años). Para la obtención del PESSt se colocaron electrodos de registro en región lumbar L4- T12 (derivación de plexo) y en región cortical Cz- Fz, estimulando el nervio tibial posterior. Adicionalmente se realizó el potencial evocado auditivo de tallo cerebral (PEATC) para descartar la presencia de afectaciones en la vía auditiva.Resultados: Del total de niños estudiados el 92.5 % mostró alteraciones en el PESSt, de las cuales el 65 % estuvo relacionada con el incremento del tiempo de conducción central (TCC), un 10 % tuvo ausencia de respuesta cortical bilateral, y el 12,5 % presentó distorsión morfológica de la respuesta evocada cortical.En tanto el PEATC se realizó a 29 de los 40 niños estudiados, observando que el 75,8 % fueron normales y solo el 24,1 % presentaron anomalías en el estudio, de estos 5 estuvieron relacionados con afectación de la onda I, otro presentaba hipoacusia bilateral y el caso restante no tuvo respuesta evocada, predominando la afectación de forma bilateral.Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados muestran una alta incidencia de afectación en el sistema somestésico de niños con TEA. La afectación de este sistema fue mayor que la de los auditivos en los pacientes estudiados

Increasing Antioxidant Activity and Protein Digestibility in Phaseolus vulgaris and Avena sativa by Fermentation with the Pleurotus ostreatus Fungus

[EN] The aim of the research was to determine the impact of fermentation with Pleurotus ostreatus on kidney beans, black beans, and oats. The results indicate that the fungus has a positive effect on the substrates when compared to the controls. The antioxidant activity (39.5% on kidney beans and 225% on oats in relation to the controls) and content of total polyphenols (kidney beans three times higher regarding the controls) increased significantly by the presence of the fungus mycelium, even after simulated digestion. There was a significant increase in protein digestibility (from 39.99 to 48.13% in black beans, 44.06 to 69.01% in kidney beans, and 63.25 to 70.01% in oats) and a decrease of antinutrient tannins (from 65.21 to 22.07 mg in black beans, 35.54 to 23.37 in kidney beans, and 55.67 to 28.11 in oats) as well as an increase in the contents of some essential amino acids. Overall, this fermentation treatment with Pleurotus ostreatus improved the nutritional quality of cereals and legumes, making them potential ingredients for the elaboration and/or fortification of foods for human nutrition.We would like to thank Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologa (CONACyT) for financially supporting E.E.-P to obtain her Ph.D. (scholarship 446871).Espinosa Paéz, E.; Alanis-Guzman, MG.; Hernandez Luna, C.; Baez Gonzalez, JG.; Amaya-Guerra, CA.; Andrés Grau, AM. (2017). Increasing Antioxidant Activity and Protein Digestibility in Phaseolus vulgaris and Avena sativa by Fermentation with the Pleurotus ostreatus Fungus. Molecules. 22(12):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122275S1112212Betoret, E., Betoret, N., Vidal, D., & Fito, P. (2011). Functional foods development: Trends and technologies. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 22(9), 498-508. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2011.05.004Xu, B. J., Yuan, S. H., & Chang, S. K. C. (2007). Comparative Analyses of Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, and Color of Cool Season Legumes and Other Selected Food Legumes. Journal of Food Science, 72(2), S167-S177. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00261.xLuo, Y.-W., & Xie, W.-H. (2013). Effect of different processing methods on certain antinutritional factors and protein digestibility in green and white faba bean (Vicia fabaL.). CyTA - Journal of Food, 11(1), 43-49. doi:10.1080/19476337.2012.681705Sánchez, C. (2009). Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and other edible mushrooms. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 85(5), 1321-1337. doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2343-7Taofiq, O., Heleno, S., Calhelha, R., Alves, M., Barros, L., Barreiro, M., … Ferreira, I. (2016). Development of Mushroom-Based Cosmeceutical Formulations with Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Tyrosinase, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties. Molecules, 21(10), 1372. doi:10.3390/molecules21101372Jayakumar, T., Thomas, P. A., & Geraldine, P. (2009). In-vitro antioxidant activities of an ethanolic extract of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 10(2), 228-234. doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2008.07.002Vega, A., & Franco, H. (2013). Productividad y calidad de los cuerpos fructíferos de los hongos comestibles Pleurotus pulmonarius RN2 y P. djamor RN81 y RN82 cultivados sobre sustratos lignocelulósicos. Información tecnológica, 24(1), 69-78. doi:10.4067/s0718-07642013000100009Raya-Pérez, J. C., Gutiérrez-Benicio, G. M., Ramírez-Pimentel, J. G., Covarrubias-Prieto, J., & Aguirre-Mancilla, C. L. (2014). Caracterización de proteínas y contenido mineral de dos variedades nativas de frijol de México. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 25(1), 1. doi:10.15517/am.v25i1.14185Deshpande, S. S., Sathe, S. K., & Salunkhe, D. K. (1984). Interrelationships between certain physical and chemical properties of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Qualitas Plantarum Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 34(1), 53-65. doi:10.1007/bf01095072Papaspyridi, L.-M., Aligiannis, N., Topakas, E., Christakopoulos, P., Skaltsounis, A.-L., & Fokialakis, N. (2012). Submerged Fermentation of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in a Batch Stirred Tank Bioreactor as a Promising Alternative for the Effective Production of Bioactive Metabolites. Molecules, 17(3), 2714-2724. doi:10.3390/molecules17032714Wang, D., Sakoda, A., & Suzuki, M. (2001). Biological efficiency and nutritional value of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on spent beer grain. Bioresource Technology, 78(3), 293-300. doi:10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00002-5Zieliński, H., & Kozłowska, H. (2000). Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolics in Selected Cereal Grains and Their Different Morphological Fractions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(6), 2008-2016. doi:10.1021/jf990619oSinsabaugh, R. L. (2010). Phenol oxidase, peroxidase and organic matter dynamics of soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42(3), 391-404. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.10.014Vergara-Domínguez, H., Gandul-Rojas, B., & Roca, M. (2011). Formation of oxidised chlorophyll catabolites in olives. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24(6), 851-857. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2011.02.003Granito, M., Paolini, M., & Pérez, S. (2008). Polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of Phaseolus vulgaris stored under extreme conditions and processed. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 41(6), 994-999. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2007.07.014Giardina, P., Palmieri, G., Fontanella, B., Rivieccio, V., & Sannia, G. (2000). Manganese Peroxidase Isoenzymes Produced by Pleurotus ostreatus Grown on Wood Sawdust. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 376(1), 171-179. doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1691Cardador-Martínez, A., Loarca-Piña, G., & Oomah, B. D. (2002). Antioxidant Activity in Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.)§. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(24), 6975-6980. doi:10.1021/jf020296nPeterson, D. M. (2001). Oat Antioxidants. Journal of Cereal Science, 33(2), 115-129. doi:10.1006/jcrs.2000.0349Sharma, R. K., & Arora, D. S. (2013). Fungal degradation of lignocellulosic residues: An aspect of improved nutritive quality. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 41(1), 52-60. doi:10.3109/1040841x.2013.791247Xu, B. J., & Chang, S. K. C. (2008). Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties of Eclipse Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as Affected by Processing Methods. Journal of Food Science, 73(2), H19-H27. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00625.xBouayed, J., Hoffmann, L., & Bohn, T. (2011). Total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity following simulated gastro-intestinal digestion and dialysis of apple varieties: Bioaccessibility and potential uptake. Food Chemistry, 128(1), 14-21. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.052Mojica, L., Chen, K., & de Mejía, E. G. (2014). Impact of Commercial Precooking of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) on the Generation of Peptides, After Pepsin-Pancreatin Hydrolysis, Capable to Inhibit Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV. Journal of Food Science, 80(1), H188-H198. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12726Dias, D. R., Abreu, C. M. P. de, Silvestre, M. P. C., & Schwan, R. F. (2010). In vitro protein digestibility of enzymatically pre-treated bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flour using commercial protease and Bacillus sp. protease. Food Science and Technology, 30(1), 94-99. doi:10.1590/s0101-20612010005000010Starzyńska-Janiszewska, A., Stodolak, B., & Mickowska, B. (2013). Effect of controlled lactic acid fermentation on selected bioactive and nutritional parameters of tempeh obtained from unhulled common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ) seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(2), 359-366. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6385Mkandawire, N. L., Weier, S. A., Weller, C. L., Jackson, D. S., & Rose, D. J. (2015). 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Mycelial growth evaluation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Agrocybe aegerita on pear pomaces. Anales de Biología, (37). doi:10.6018/analesbio.37.1Hernández-Luna, C. E., Gutiérrez-Soto, G., & Salcedo-Martínez, S. M. (2007). Screening for decolorizing basidiomycetes in Mexico. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 24(4), 465-473. doi:10.1007/s11274-007-9495-3Gan, R.-Y., Li, H.-B., Gunaratne, A., Sui, Z.-Q., & Corke, H. (2017). Effects of Fermented Edible Seeds and Their Products on Human Health: Bioactive Components and Bioactivities. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(3), 489-531. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12257Hu, J., & Duvnjak, Z. (2004). Production of a Laccase and Decrease of the Phenolic Content in Canola Meal during the Growth of the FungusPleurotus ostreatus in Solid State Fermentation Processes. Engineering in Life Sciences, 4(1), 50-55. doi:10.1002/elsc.200400005Lamothe, S., Corbeil, M.-M., Turgeon, S. L., & Britten, M. (2012). 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The Acceleration of the Nebular Shells in Planetary Nebulae in the Milky Way Bulge

We present a systematic study of line widths in the [\ion{O}{3}]$\lambda$5007 and H$\alpha$ lines for a sample of 86 planetary nebulae in the Milky Way bulge based upon spectroscopy obtained at the \facility{Observatorio Astron\'omico Nacional in the Sierra San Pedro M\'artir (OAN-SPM)} using the Manchester Echelle Spectrograph. The planetary nebulae were selected with the intention of simulating samples of bright extragalactic planetary nebulae. We separate the planetary nebulae into two samples containing cooler and hotter central stars, defined by the absence or presence, respectively, of the \ion{He}{2} $\lambda$6560 line in the H$\alpha$ spectra. This division separates samples of younger and more evolved planetary nebulae. The sample of planetary nebulae with hotter central stars has systematically larger line widths, larger radii, lower electron densities, and lower H$\beta$ luminosities. The distributions of these parameters in the two samples all differ at significance levels exceeding 99%. These differences are all in agreement with the expectations from hydrodynamical models, but for the first time confirmed for a homogeneous and statistically significant sample of galactic planetary nebulae. We interpret these differences as evidence for the acceleration of the nebular shells during the early evolution of these intrinsically bright planetary nebulae. As is the case for planetary nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds, the acceleration of the nebular shells appears to be the direct result of the evolution of the central stars.Comment: accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journa

Advances in Pathway Engineering for Natural Product Biosynthesis

Biocatalysts provide an efficient, inexpensive and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional organic synthesis, especially for compounds with complex stereochemistries. The past decade has seen a significant rise in the use of biocatalysts for the synthesis of compounds in an industrial setting; however, the incorporation of single enzymatically catalysed steps into organic synthesis schemes can be problematic. The emerging field of synthetic biology has sparked interest in the development of whole-cell factories that can convert simple, common metabolites into complex, high-value molecules with a range of applications such as pharmaceuticals and biofuels. This Review summarises conventional methods and recent advances in metabolic engineering of pathways in microorganisms for the synthesis of natural products

Large-scale patterns of turnover and basal area change in Andean forests

General patterns of forest dynamics and productivity in the Andes Mountains are poorly characterized. Here we present the first large-scale study of Andean forest dynamics using a set of 63 permanent forest plots assembled over the past two decades. In the North-Central Andes tree turnover (mortality and recruitment) and tree growth declined with increasing elevation and decreasing temperature. In addition, basal area increased in Lower Montane Moist Forests but did not change in Higher Montane Humid Forests. However, at higher elevations the lack of net basal area change and excess of mortality over recruitment suggests negative environmental impacts. In North-Western Argentina, forest dynamics appear to be influenced by land use history in addition to environmental variation. Taken together, our results indicate that combinations of abiotic and biotic factors that vary across elevation gradients are important determinants of tree turnover and productivity in the Andes. More extensive and longer-term monitoring and analyses of forest dynamics in permanent plots will be necessary to understand how demographic processes and woody biomass are responding to changing environmental conditions along elevation gradients through this century

Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli

Multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli has become a worrying issue that is increasingly observed in human but also in veterinary medicine worldwide. E. coli is intrinsically susceptible to almost all clinically relevant antimicrobial agents, but this bacterial species has a great capacity to accumulate resistance genes, mostly through horizontal gene transfer. The most problematic mechanisms in E. coli correspond to the acquisition of genes coding for extended-spectrum β-lactamases (conferring resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins), carbapenemases (conferring resistance to carbapenems), 16S rRNA methylases (conferring pan-resistance to aminoglycosides), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes (conferring resistance to [fluoro]quinolones), and mcr genes (conferring resistance to polymyxins). Although the spread of carbapenemase genes has been mainly recognized in the human sector but poorly recognized in animals, colistin resistance in E. coli seems rather to be related to the use of colistin in veterinary medicine on a global scale. For the other resistance traits, their cross-transfer between the human and animal sectors still remains controversial even though genomic investigations indicate that extended- spectrum β-lactamase producers encountered in animals are distinct from those affecting humans. In addition, E. coli of animal origin often also show resistances to other—mostly older—antimicrobial agents, including tetracyclines, phenicols, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and fosfomycin. Plasmids, especially multiresistance plasmids, but also other mobile genetic elements, such as transposons and gene cassettes in class 1 and class 2 integrons, seem to play a major role in the dissemination of resistance genes. Of note, coselection and persistence of resistances to critically important antimicrobial agents in human medicine also occurs through the massive use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine, such as tetracyclines or sulfonamides, as long as all those determinants are located on the same genetic elements

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Spatial access priority mapping (SAPM) with fishers : a quantitative GIS method for participatory planning

Spatial management tools, such as marine spatial planning and marine protected areas, are playing an increasingly important role in attempts to improve marine management and accommodate conflicting needs. Robust data are needed to inform decisions among different planning options, and early inclusion of stakeholder involvement is widely regarded as vital for success. One of the biggest stakeholder groups, and the most likely to be adversely impacted by spatial restrictions, is the fishing community. In order to take their priorities into account, planners need to understand spatial variation in their perceived value of the sea. Here a readily accessible, novel method for quantitatively mapping fishers’ spatial access priorities is presented. Spatial access priority mapping, or SAPM, uses only basic functions of standard spreadsheet and GIS software. Unlike the use of remote-sensing data, SAPM actively engages fishers in participatory mapping, documenting rather than inferring their priorities. By so doing, SAPM also facilitates the gathering of other useful data, such as local ecological knowledge. The method was tested and validated in Northern Ireland, where over 100 fishers participated in a semi-structured questionnaire and mapping exercise. The response rate was excellent, 97%, demonstrating fishers’ willingness to be involved. The resultant maps are easily accessible and instantly informative, providing a very clear visual indication of which areas are most important for the fishers. The maps also provide quantitative data, which can be used to analyse the relative impact of different management options on the fishing industry and can be incorporated into planning software, such as MARXAN, to ensure that conservation goals can be met at minimum negative impact to the industry. This research shows how spatial access priority mapping can facilitate the early engagement of fishers and the ready incorporation of their priorities into the decision-making process in a transparent, quantitative way