A Visible Radiation: Interpreting the History of the Eleventh Amendment as Foreign Policy to Circumscribe the Treaty Power

In the longstanding debate over the proper place of the Treaty Power in the Constitution\u27s federal structure, on the one hand there are Federalists and on the other hand there are federalists. During the ratification of the Constitution, many Federalists believed the national government needed an expansive Treaty Power to preserve the nascent union. Today, many federalists see such a Treaty Power as a potential threat to the sovereignty of the states. Between 1998 and 2000, the Michigan Law Review published a series of articles by Curtis Bradley and David Golove on competing conceptions of how the Treaty Power fits in the Constitution\u27s federal structure. Bradley argued that federalism delimits the capacity of the national government to create binding national law through the forging of treaties. That is, the national government may not invade the sovereign province of the states by using the Treaty Power to circumvent the restrictions placed on the national government by federalism. In contrast, Golove argued that the national government may use the Treaty Power to legislate in areas generally reserved to the states so long as the Constitution does not explicitly prevent it. Unfortunately, neither author\u27s argument addressed the history of the most important constitutional event bearing on the issue -- the ratification of the Eleventh Amendment

Characterization of Translocation Contact Sites Involved in the Import of Mitochondrial Proteins

Import of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix requires translocation across two membranes. Translocational intermediates of mitochondrial proteins, which span the outer and inner membrane simultaneously and thus suggest that translocation occurs in one step, have recently been described (Schleyer, M., and W. Neupert, 1985, Cell, 43:339-350). In this study we present evidence that distinct membrane areas are involved in the translocation process. Mitochondria that had lost most of their outer membrane by digitonin treatment (mitoplasts) still had the ability to import proteins. Import depended on proteinaceous structures of the residual outer membrane and on a factor that is located between the outer and inner membranes and that could be extracted with detergent plus salt. Translocational intermediates, which had been preformed before fractionation, remained with the mitoplasts under conditions where most of the outer membrane was subsequently removed. Submitochondrial vesicles were isolated in which translocational intermediates were enriched. Immunocytochemical studies also suggested that the translocational intermediates are located in areas where outer and inner membranes are in close proximity. We conclude that the membrane-potential-dependent import of precursor proteins involves translocation contact sites where the two membranes are closely apposed and are linked in a stable manner

Traditional Accounting with Decentralised Ledger Technology

Distributed ledger technology is by some believe to be the accounting system of the future, replacing the centuries-old double-entry accounting paradigm, as it has desirable characteristics such as tamper-resistance. However, it might suffer from technology lock-in as double-entry bookkeeping, due to its long-standing history, has offered the conceptual foundations for many laws, regulations and business practices. While some of these laws, regulations and practices might become obsolete as a result of distributed ledger technology, some might still prove to be valuable in a new technological context. While aiming at unlocking the potential of distributed ledger technology in an accounting context, we also want to preserve the wisdom of accounting craftsman. For this reason, it is the aim of this paper to offer a bi-directional mapping between traditional double-entry bookkeeping and innovative paradigms that have proven their value in decentralised systems, of which distributed ledger technology is an exponent. This paper offers such a mapping for the Resource-Event-Agent paradigm

Surface flaws control strain localization in the deformation of Cu∣\vertAu nanolaminates

We carried out matched experiments and molecular dynamics simulations of the compression of nanopillars prepared from Cu$\vert$Au nanolaminates with 25 nm layer thickness. The stress-strain behavior obtained from both techniques are in excellent agreement. Variation of the layer thickness in simulations reveals an increase of the strength with decreasing layer thickness. Pillars fail through the formation of shear bands whose nucleation we trace back to the existence of surface flaws. Our combined approach demonstrates the crucial role of contact geometry in controlling the deformation mode and suggests that modulus-matched nanolaminates should be able to suppress strain localization while maintaining controllable strength.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, supplementary material (5 pages, 4 figures