Grading Students with Significant Disabilities in Inclusive Settings: Teacher Perspectives

The present study describes teacher (K-12) opinions and practices related to grading and providing modified instruction, assignments, and assessments for students with low-incidence disabilities in inclusive settings. One hundred and thirty nine teachers working in K-12 inclusive schools in Arizona and California completed an on-line survey regarding modifications to the general education curriculum and grading practices. Findings of this study include: (a) general and special education teachers use different practices and have different preferences for grading students with disabilities; (b) General and special educators also reported differences in their level of comfort and training for grading, with special educators feeling more prepared to grade students with disabilities; (c) Elementary teachers were more likely to accept modified work than secondary teachers; and (d) Secondary teachers report using modifications to instruction less frequently than elementary school teachers. Implications and recommendations based on these findings are reported

Pharmapolymers in the 21st century: Synthetic polymers in drug delivery applications

The administration of drugs, as a main challenge of pharmaceutical and medicinal applications, has certainly benefited from the application of synthetic polymers. However, despite an enormous effort to develop new materials for drug delivery applications, only few of them have entered the market due to the hurdles of regulation, production, cost efficiency and both industrial's and patients' acceptance. In this review, we summarize all these classes of synthetic polymers, which are on the market as well as the latest developments in clinical trials, and describe their application in polymer-drug conjugates, as excipients, in nano-/microscopic and macroscopic drug carriers, as polymeric coatings, or as polymeric drugs. Our intention is to create a link between the underlying chemical structures, the properties of the polymers, and their area of application, where they are often just known by their trade names or abbreviations. In addition selected types of synthetic polymers are highlighted that feature interesting properties and have the potential to make it to the market in future. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved