The effects of self-esteem, performance feedback, and behavioral verifiability on self-serving biases

The present study examined the psychological processes underlying the self-serving bjas, the tendency to portray one\u27s own qualities as more favorable then those of others. Subjects were asked to predict future success on a behavioral task for themselves and for the average student at their university after receiving performance feedback on the same task. It was proposed that self-enhancing predictions would be moderated by subject\u27s self-esteem (high or low), the verifiability of task performance (high or low), and performance feedback (success or failure). The results revealed that subjects with high self-esteem displayed a self-serving bias regardless of performance verifiability or feedback. Subjects with low self-esteem, however, self-enhanced only for tasks low in verifiabBity and showed a slight self-enhancing trend when receiving success feedback. The results are discussed in terms of depressive realism, verifiability theory, and self-consistency theory. Implications for teaching positive cognitive strategies to low self-esteem individuals are discussed

The singular in the collective: logic of the device for the treatment of autism

La idea del trabajo prosigue la vertiente de investigación abierta a partir del desafío que implicó en la cigarra poner a prueba el dispositivo y su eficacia en el trabajo en la web obligado por la pandemia. En términos generales es posible desagregar a modo expositivo cuatro lugares a relevar: (1) cómo concebimos lo “colectivo” si la apuesta es por lo singular; (2) la transferencia: lo singular en lo colectivo; (3) el lugar del acto en un dispositivo colectivo y la paradoja que ello implica; (4) la idea de un dispositivo maleable que pueda prestarse para hacer uso de él.A idéia do trabalho continua o aspecto de pesquisa aberto a partir do desafio que implicava la cigarra de testar o dispositivo e sua eficácia no trabalho na rede forçada pela pandemia. Em termos gerais, é possível desagregar, de forma expositiva, quatro lugares a serem revelados: (1) como concebemos o "coletivo" se a aposta é no singular; (2) transferência: o singular no coletivo; (3) o lugar do ato em um dispositivo coletivo e o paradoxo que isso implica; (4) a idéia de um dispositivo maleável que pode ser emprestado para fazer uso dele.The work is based on the challenge that la cigarra faced in testing the device and its effectiveness in the online work forced by the pandemic. In general terms, it is possible to disaggregate, by way of exposition, four places to be explored: (1) how we conceive of the "collective" if the bet is on the singular; (2) transference: the singular in the collective; (3) the place of the act in a collective device and the paradox that this implies; (4) the idea of a malleable device that can be lent to make use of it.Dossier: Psicoanálisis y autismoFacultad de Psicologí

Effect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption in chronic renal disease

Effect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption in chronic renal disease. Calcium absorption was measured in eight uremic patients before and after eight days of treatment with 100 or 500 μg of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) per day. Fractional calcium absorption was estimated by administering47Ca i.v. and orally on separate days and counting forearm radioactivity four hours later. Calcium absorption in four patients with residual renal function rose from 16.3 ± 2.5 to 40.8 ± 5.5% after treatment. In order to determine if the increased calcium absorption was mediated by an increase in the production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) by virtue of increased substrate delivery to the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase system present in the residual renal tissue, identical studies were performed in four anephric patients. Calcium absorption in these patients averaged 15.7 ± 2.2% during the control period and rose to 46.0 ± 11.1% after treatment. Increments in serum calcium after treatment were similar in both groups of patients; the mean concentration rose from 9.6 ± 0.3 to 11.0 ± 0.6 mg/100 ml. The results indicate that 25(OH)D3 can improve calcium absorption in the absence of renal tissue suggesting that its conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3 may not be necessary for its effect on the gastrointestinal tract in the uremic patient.Effet du 25-hydroxycholécalciferol sur l'absorption du calcium au cours de l'insuffisance rénale chronique. L'absorption de calcium a été mesurée chez huit malades urémiques avant et après huit jours de traitement par 100 ou 500 μg de 25(OH)D3 par jour. L'absorption fractionnelle du calcium a été évaluée par l'administration de47Ca, intraveineuse et orale, à des jours différents, et par comptage de l'activité de l'avant-bras quatre heures après. L'absorption du calcium chez quatre malades ayant une fonction rénale résiduelle augmente de 16, 3 ± 2, 5 à 40, 8 ± 5, 5% après traitement. Des études semblables ont été réalisées chez quatre malades anéphriques de façon à apprécier le rôle éventuel, dans l'augmentation de l'absorption intestinale, d'une augmentation de la production de 1,25(OH)2D3 due à l'augmentation de l'apport de substrat à la 25-hydroxycholécalciferol-1-hydroxylase du tissu rénal. L'absorption du calcium chez ces malades est en moyenne de 15, 7 ± 2, 2% pendant la période contrôle et augmente après traitement à 46, 0 ± 11, 1%. Les augmentations du calcium sériques sont semblables dans les deux groupes de malades, la concentration moyenne passe de 9, 6 ± 3 à 11, 0 ± 0, 6 mg/100 ml. Les résultats indiquent que 25(OH)D3 peut améliorer l'absorption du calcium en l'absence de tissu rénal ce qui suggère que sa conversion en 1,25(OH)2D3 peut ne pas être nécessaire à son action sur le tractus gastro-intestinal du malade urémique

1,25-(OH)2D receptors are decreased in parathyroid glands from chronically uremic dogs

1,25-(OH)2D receptors are decreased in parathyroid glands from chronically uremic dogs. 1,25-(OH)2D has been shown to suppress the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone in vivo and in dispersed parathyroid cell cultures. Control of transcription by 1,25-(OH)2D is believed to be mediated by interaction of this hormone with a specific receptor within target cells. We have examined the 1,25-(OH)2D receptor in parathyroid glands from normal dogs and chronic renal failure dogs. The levels of receptor were fourfold lower in parathyroid extracts from these uremic dogs than in those from normal dogs (109 ± 11 vs. 446 ± 61 fmol/mg protein). No differences were observed in the binding affinity for 1,25-(OH)2D or in the sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. Since this receptor has been shown to be upregulated by 1,25-(OH)2D, our findings of lower levels of receptor could be attribed to decreased serum concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D in chronically uremic animals. Regression analysis of log serum 1,25-(OH)2D versus log receptor content yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.62 with P < 0.02. Decreased receptor content showed a negative correlation with serum N-terminal PTH (r= 0.71 and P < 0.01). It is likely that this reduced 1,25-(OH)2D receptor number in the parathyroid glands of chronically uremic animals renders the glands less responsive to the inhibitory action of 1,25-(OH)2D on the synthesis and secretion of PTH, and may contribute to the hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure

Long-term treatment with lanthanum carbonate reduces mineral and bone abnormalities in rats with chronic renal failure

Background. Lanthanum carbonate (FOSRENOL®, Shire Pharmaceuticals) is an effective non-calcium, non-resin phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we used a rat model of chronic renal failure (CRF) to examine the long-term effects of controlling serum phosphorus with lanthanum carbonate treatment on the biochemical and bone abnormalities associated with CKD–mineral and bone disorder (CKD–MBD)

The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Metabolic Markers in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Use of active forms of vitamin D is advocated in CKD patients for treatment of mineral bone disease because of the presumption that native forms of vitamin D would not undergo significant activation to calcitriol, the most active biological form of vitamin D. We present secondary analysis looking at bone turnover in subjects who completed the randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial investigating the effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on vascular function in non-diabetic CKD stage G3-4 and vitamin D ≤20ng/ml [CTRI/2013/05/003648]. Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive either two directly observed oral doses of 300,000 IU of cholecalciferol or matching placebo at baseline and 8 weeks. Of the 120 subjects enrolled, 58 in the cholecalciferol group and 59 in the placebo group completed the study. At 16 weeks, the serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D levels increased in the cholecalciferol group but not in the placebo group [between-group difference in mean change: 23.40 ng/ml; 95% CI: 19.76 to 27.06; p < 0.001 and 14.98 pg/ml ,95% CI: 4.48 to 27.18, p = 0.007, respectively]. Intact parathormone (iPTH) decreased in the cholecalciferol group [between-group difference in mean change -100.73 pg/ml (95% CI: -150.50 to -50.95, p < 0.001). Serum total and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (SAP, BAP) and serum C-terminal cross-linked collagen type I telopeptides (CTX-1) were significantly reduced in cholecalciferol group (between group difference for change in mean: -20.25 U/L (95% CI: -35.14 to-5.38, p = 0.008 for SAP; -12.54, 95%CI: -22.09 to -2.98, p = 0.013 for BAP and -0.21, 95%CI: -0.38 to -0.05, p = 0.05 for CTX-1). Correlation analysis showed significant correlation of Δ 25(OH)D with Δ iPTH (r = -0.409, p < 0.0001), Δ 1,25(OH)2D (r = 0.305, p = 0.001), Δ SAP (r = -0.301, p = 0.002), ΔBAP (r = -0.264, p = 0.004), and ΔCTX-1 (r = -0.210, p = 0.0230). Cholecalciferol supplementation corrects vitamin D deficiency and is effective in lowering serum intact parathyroid hormone and bone turnover markers in early stages of CKD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Prognostic importance of plasma total magnesium in a cohort of cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND: Hypomagnesemia is associated with increased mortality and renal function decline in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Magnesium is furthermore inversely associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), an important prognostic factor in CKD in cats. However, the prognostic significance of plasma magnesium in cats with CKD is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To explore associations of plasma total magnesium concentration (tMg) with plasma FGF23 concentration, all-cause mortality, and disease progression in cats with azotemic CKD. ANIMALS: Records of 174 client-owned cats with IRIS stage 2-4 CKD. METHODS: Cohort study. Cats with azotemic CKD were identified from the records of two London-based first opinion practices (1999-2013). Possible associations of baseline plasma tMg with FGF23 concentration and risks of death and progression were explored using, respectively, linear, Cox, and logistic regression. RESULTS: Plasma tMg (reference interval, 1.73-2.57 mg/dL) was inversely associated with plasma FGF23 when controlling for plasma creatinine and phosphate concentrations (partial correlation coefficient, -0.50; P < .001). Hypomagnesemia was observed in 12% (20/174) of cats, and independently associated with increased risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-5.55; P = .005). The unadjusted associations of hypermagnesemia (prevalence, 6%; 11/174 cats) with survival (hazard ratio, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.54-5.38; P = .001), and hypomagnesemia with progressive CKD (odds ratio, 17.7; 95% CI, 2.04-154; P = .009) lost significance in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Hypomagnesemia was associated with higher plasma FGF23 concentrations and increased risk of death. Measurement of plasma tMg augments prognostic information in cats with CKD, but whether these observations are associations or causations warrants further investigation

The effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate on kidney calcification in uremic rats

The control of serum phosphorus (P) and calcium-phosphate (Ca x P) product is critical to the prevention of ectopic calcification in chronic renal failure (CRF). Whereas calcium (Ca) salts, the most commonly used phosphate binders, markedly increase serum Ca and positive Ca balance, the new calcium- and aluminum-free phosphate binder, sevelamer hydrochloride (RenaGel), reduces serum P without altering serum Ca in hemodialysis patients. Using an experimental model of CRF, these studies compare sevelamer and calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) in the control of serum P, secondary hyperparathyroidism (SH), and ectopic calcifications. 5/6 nephrectomized rats underwent one of the following treatments for 3 mo: uremic + high-P diet (U-HP); UHP + 3% CaCO(3) (U-HP+C); UHP + 3% sevelamer (U-HP+S). Sevelamer treatment controlled serum P independent of increases in serum Ca, thus reducing serum Ca x P product and further deterioration of renal function, as indicated by the highest creatinine clearances. Sevelamer was as effective as CaCO(3) in the control of high-P-induced SH, as shown by similar serum PTH levels, parathyroid (PT) gland weight, and markers of PT hyperplasia. Also, both P binders elicited similar efficacy in reducing the myocardial and hepatic calcifications induced by uremia. However, sevelamer caused a dramatic reduction of renal Ca deposition (29.8 +/- 8.6 micro g/g wet tissue) compared with both U-HP (175.5 +/- 45.7 micro g/g wet tissue, P < 0.01) and the U-HP+C (58.9 +/- 13.7 micro g/g wet tissue, P < 0.04). Histochemical analyses using Von Kossa and Alizarin red S staining of kidney sections confirmed these findings. The high number of foci of calcification in the kidney of uremic controls (108 +/- 25) was reduced to 33.0 +/- 11.3 by CaCO(3) and decreased even further with sevelamer (16.4 +/- 8.9, P < 0.02 versus CaCO(3)). Importantly, the degree of tubulointerstitial fibrosis was also markedly lower in U-HP+S (5%) compared with either U-HP+C (30%) or U-HP (50%). It is concluded that in experimental CRF in rats, despite a similar control of serum P and SH, sevelamer is more effective than CaCO(3) in preventing renal Ca deposition and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, including better preservation of renal function. These findings cannot be extrapolated to human disease, and further studies in patients are necessary to determine the benefits of either P binder