Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Predictive modeling using structured and unstructured data

Teoretična izhodišča: Sladkorna bolezen tipa 2 (SB2) je najpogostejša oblika sladkorne bolezni, predvsem v razvitih državah sveta. Za SB2 zboleva vedno več ljudi, in to zaradi neprimernega življenjskega stila, predvsem premalo fizične dejavnosti in nepravilnega prehranjevanja. Čeprav večina ljudi SB2 vidi kot samoumevno bolezen, ki se lahko pojavi v poznih letih, se mnogi ne zavedajo njene resnosti. SB2 predstavlja glavni vzrok za možgansko kap in bolezni srca. Poleg tega lahko privede do slepote, bolezni ledvic oziroma, v skrajnem primeru, tudi do smrti. S starostjo se tveganje za SB2 razumljivo povečuje, vendar pa lahko v veliki meri na povečanje tveganja vplivamo predvsem sami. Smrtnemu izidu so najbolj podvrženi bolniki s SB2, ki so bili hospitalizirani na enoti intenzivnega oddelka. Glavni namen magistrskega dela je bil preveriti vpliv najpogosteje ponavljajočih se korenov besed iz zapisov o zdravljenju bolnika na točnost napovednega modela za napoved preživetja bolnikov s SB2. Metodologija raziskovanja: Analize smo opravili na filtrirani podatkovni zbirki MIMIC-III, ki hrani skupno 4236 zapisov o bolnikih s SB2. Analize so bile izvedene s programskim jezikom R s pomočjo naslednjih klasifikatorjev: Random Forest, Single C5.0 Ruleset, Glmnet (Lasso regresija), XGBoost ter GBM. Rezultate smo evalvirali z Bootstrap metodo, ponovljeno 100-krat. Rezultati: Vsi napovedni modeli, zgrajeni na podatkih moškega vzorca, so bili v primerjavi z modeli, zgrajenimi na podatkih ženskega vzorca, statistično signifikantno uspešnejši pri napovedovanju umrljivosti bolnikov s SB2 (ΔAUC = +0,049, p 0,001). Ne glede na spol se rezultati pri napovedovanju z vključenim kriterijem SAPS izboljšajo v primerjavi z napovedovanjem, če kriterij SAPS ni prisoten (ΔAUCŽenske = +0,0756, ΔAUCMoški = +0,082). Sklep: Napovedni model XGBoost je najprimernejši model za napovedovanje umrljivosti bolnikov s SB2. Prisotnost besed, ki se navezujejo na stimulacijo oziroma spodbujanje, starost, gibanje, neodzivnost in diagnozo intracerebralne krvavitve, ima največji vpliv na uspešno napovedovanje umrljivosti bolnikov s SB2. Z vključitvijo bigramov se uspešnost napovednih modelov ne izboljša signifikantno. Uporaba pogosto uporabljenega kriterija SAPS, ki temelji na fizioloških podatkih, ostaja primarno vodilo pri napovedovanju umrljivosti bolnikov s SB2.Theoretical basis: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, especially in developed countries around the world. More and more people are getting T2DM due to an unadapted lifestyle characterized by physical inactivity and an excessive caloric intake. Although most people see T2DMM as a self-evident illness that can occur in older age, many are unaware of its severity. T2DM is the main cause of stroke and heart disease. In addition, it can lead to blindness, kidney disease or ultimately to death. With age, the risk for T2D is rising, but we can, to a large extent, influence the increase in risk through our own life choices. The main purpose of this paper was to examine the impact of the most commonly-repeated words from the nursing notes on the accuracy of the predictive model for predicting the survival of patients with T2DM. Research methodology: The analyses were carried out on a filtered MIMIC-III database consisting a total of 4236 records of patients with T2D. The analyses were performed with the programming language R by using the following classifiers: Random Forest, Single C5.0 Ruleset, Glmnet (Lasso regression), XGBoost, and GBM. The results were evaluated with the Bootstrap method, repeated 100 times. Results: All predictive models built on male sample data were statistically significantly more successful in predicting the mortality of patients with T2DMM in comparison with models built on female sample data. By using bigrams, the results of predictive performance were not statistically different (p > 0,001). Regardless of gender, results of predictions including the SAPS criterion were better than results of predictions without the SAPS criterion (ΔAUCFemales = +0,0756, ΔAUCMales = +0,082). Conclusion: Results show that XGBoost predictive model is the most appropriate model for predicting mortality of patients with T2DM. The presence of words related to stimulation, age, movement, unresponsive and diagnosis of intracerebral haemorrhage have the greatest impact in the successful predictability of mortality of patients with T2D. By including bigrams, the performance of predictive models does not significantly improve

Hybrid visualization-based framework for depressive state detection and characterization of atypical patients

Hybrid visualization-based framework for depressive state detection and characterization of atypical patient

Using heterogeneous sources of data and interpretability of prediction models to explain the characteristics of careless respondents in survey data

Abstract Prior to further processing, completed questionnaires must be screened for the presence of careless respondents. Different people will respond to surveys in different ways. Some take the easy path and fill out the survey carelessly. The proportion of careless respondents determines the survey’s quality. As a result, identifying careless respondents is critical for the quality of obtained results. This study aims to explore the characteristics of careless respondents in survey data and evaluate the predictive power and interpretability of different types of data and indices of careless responding. The research question focuses on understanding the behavior of careless respondents and determining the effectiveness of various data sources in predicting their responses. Data from a three-month web-based survey on participants’ personality traits such as honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience was used in this study. Data for this study was taken from Schroeders et al.. The gradient boosting machine-based prediction model uses data from the answers, time spent for answering, demographic information on the respondents as well as some indices of careless responding from all three types of data. Prediction models were evaluated with tenfold cross-validation repeated a hundred times. Prediction models were compared based on balanced accuracy. Models’ explanations were provided with Shapley values. Compared with existing work, data fusion from multiple types of information had no noticeable effect on the performance of the gradient boosting machine model. Variables such as “I would never take a bribe, even if it was a lot”, average longstring, and total intra-individual response variability were found to be useful in distinguishing careless respondents. However, variables like “I would be tempted to use counterfeit money if I could get away with it” and intra-individual response variability of the first section of a survey showed limited effectiveness. Additionally, this study indicated that, whereas the psychometric synonym score has an immediate effect and is designed with the goal of identifying careless respondents when combined with other variables, it is not necessarily the optimal choice for fitting a gradient boosting machine model