Contrasting Community Building in Sponsored and Community Founded Open Source Projects

Prior characterizations of open source projects have been based on the model of a community-founded project. More recently, a second model has emerged, where organizations spinout internally developed code to a public forum. Based on field work on open source projects, we compare the lifecycle differences between these two models. We identify problems unique to spinout projects, particularly in attracting and building an external community. We illustrate these issues with a feasibility analysis of a proposed open source project based on VistA, the primary healthcare information system of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. This example illuminates the complexities of building a community after a code base has been developed and suggests that open source software can be used to transfer technology to the private sector

Making Sense of the Data on Ireland’s Inward FDI

Ireland, in employment terms, is the most FDI-intensive economy in the EU. International comparisons of trends and levels of FDI intensity are usually based on balance-of-payments data however, and the international data series on Ireland’s inward FDI tell hugely conflicting stories. Such series are published by the IMF, UNCTAD, OECD and Eurostat (with data generally provided either by the CSO or the IDA), while data on US FDI in Ireland are published by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis. The present paper documents these conflicting stories and searches for any underlying consistency through analysis of the items that the various databases include and exclude. FDI stock, flow and sectoral allocation data are explored and trends contrasted with what is known from MNC employment data.

Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Photography and the Visual Representation of Sport

The sport theme was immediately embraced by the earliest photographers. In its first part, this essay traces the long and influential history of sport photography from its beginnings through the motion studies of the late 19th century to the role of illustrated magazines in making sport photography widely available. Based on that outline, the essay then elaborates upon the relevance of photography for sport history, arguing that the uses of visual representations in sport history have been largely under-theorized. As examples, the essay then offers close readings of Life magazine features from the Cold War, discussing Ralph Crane’s and Mark Kaufman’s depictions of Soviet athletes during the 1952 and 1960 Olympic Games

Exploring the impact of the constructs of the three-domain approach on private social and commercial hospitality provision

This article explores the constructs of private social and commercial hospitality in a panoramic examination of the impact and potential future development of the three-domain approach. Focused primarily (but not exclusively) on the books In Search of Hospitality: theoretical perspectives and debates, and Hospitality: A Social Lens, the article describes how the three-domain approach provides a theoretical framework to inform the holistic study of hospitality and discusses the importance of the broader phenomenon of hospitality in private, social and commercial hospitality provision.Keywords: Commodification, service delivery, hospitableness, generosity, reciprocity, virtuousnes

Medical student attachments in private practice – The experience and views of the family practitioners

Background: Medical student attachments with family/general practitioners (GPs) in non-academic or private practice are a valued resource in the undergraduate teaching of Family Medicine. This study describes the experience and views of GPs in private practice with final-year medical student attachments from the University of Transkei. Methods: A postal questionnaire was distributed to all GPs who had one or more student attachment. Results: Out of 37 GPs, 25 replied, giving a response rate of 68%. Positive experiences of the attachments were enjoyment of teaching (n=24) and improvement in knowledge (n=20). Staff and patients' reaction to the students was felt to be positive overall. Negative aspects reported were finishing later at work (n=11) and patients leaving the practice (n=2). All GPs were willing to have students again and could take, on average, three students per annum. Twenty-one (84%) stated that a one-week's attachment was satisfactory. Eighteen (72%) were interested in teacher training. The majority (64%, n=14) did not require payment for teaching and 15 (60%) stated that they should be appointed as lecturers. Patients' consent to be seen by students was obtained by most GPs (n=13) when accompanied by the student. Out of 16 GPs who had students with Xhosa as their second language, eight assessed their language proficiency as poor. Conclusions: The GPs in private practice that have medical student attachments enjoy teaching and their overall experience is positive. They feel their teaching commitment should be recognised by an academic appointment. Issues of patients' consent to examination and student language proficiency need further exploration. SA Fam Pract 2004;46(9): 27-3

Synthesis and aromatisaion reactions of arene hydrates and cis-dihydrodiols

The aim of this work was to synthesis a range of substituted arene hydrates, determine their second-order rate constant for dehydration and generate a Hammett plot for comparison with other published p-values for similar carbocation-forming reactions. The first hydrate presented is the methyl benzoate hydrate (see section 2.1). A number of first order rate constants for the aromatisation (dehydration) reaction were determined in dilute perchloric acid at ionic strength 0.5 maintained with sodium perchlorate. The reaction was followed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and (^1)H NMR spectroscopy. The second order rate constant was determined to be 9.32 X l0(^-2) М(^-1)s(^-1) which corresponds to a half-life of 7 seconds in 1M HCIO(_4). The arene hydrate of biphenyl was also synthesised (see section 2.2). The solubility issues discussed in section 2.2.2 meant the aromatisation reaction could not be followed by (^1)H NMR spectroscopy. The first order rate constants were determined in acetate and phosphate buffers, at ionic strength 0.5, maintainted with sodium Perchlorate, from pH 5 to 7. The second order rate constant was determined to be 2.11 X 10(^2) M(^-1)s(^-1) which corresponds to a half-life of 3.3 X 10(^-4)s in 1M HCIO(_4). As presented in sections 2.3-2.7, the synthetic route to the alkyl substituted hydrates gave two products - the ortho and the ipso hydrates. In the case of the ethyl substituted hydrate only the ortho hydrate was synthesised. For R = tBu, only a small proportion of the products formed was the ipso hydrate due to Its reactivity. The ortho and ipso hydrates of toluene and cumene were both synthesised. These could not be separated and so the aromatisation kinetics were followed in situ and fitted to a double exponential equation. The aromatisation reactions were followed by UV-vis spectrophotometry in acetate and phosphate buffers at 25 С and ionic strength 0.5 M, maintained with sodium perchlorate. The second-order rate constants for aromatisation for the ortho-hydrates were determined to be for R = Me, Et, iPr, tBu and are 514, 538, 642 and 949 M (^-1)s(^-1), respectively. The second-order rate constants for aromatisation for the ipso-hydrates isolated were determined to be for R = Me and iPr are 9.81x10(^3) and 1.47 X 10(^4) (^-1)s(^-1). A number of linear free energy correlations were attempted and the best correlation was found with σ(^+), this is consistent with a reaction involving a planar carbocation with through-bond stabilisation. The p-value was determined to be -6.5. The published p- value for the cis dihydrodiols, where a better correlation with Op was reported, is -8.2(^1). The magnitude of p suggests the hydrates have an earlier transition state to carbocation formation than the diols with less positive charge build-up. The computational results show that the carbocation intermediate formed during the aromatisation reaction of the hydrates is planar whereas the carbocation intermediate generated from the diols is puckered. This corroborates the results from the kinetic analysis and also the magnitude and sign of the p-values from the Hammett correlations. When the carbocation intermediate is puckered, the through-bond stabilisation is hindered and so a poor correlation with σ(^+) is observed. The rate constant for acid-catalysed isomerisation of optically active cis-indene dihydrodiol was determined. This represents the rate constant for formation of the corresponding carbocation intermediate. The second-order rate constant for carbocation formation (k(_H)) was determined by (^1)H NMR spectroscopy in concentrated perchloric acid to be 1.11 X 10(-6) M (^-1)s(^-1). This is comparable with the second-order rate constant for carbocation formation in teri-butanol which is 1.4 X 10(^-6) M(^-1)s(^-1). The rate constant for reaction of the carbocation intermediate with water k(_H20) determined using the azide- trapping technique, is 4.99 X 10(^8) s(^-1). Combining k(_H20) with k(_H) allows the (_p)K(_R) of the indene dihydrodiol carbocation to be calculated. The (_p)K(_R) was determined to be -14.6. This is greater than the (_p)K(_R) of the indanol carbocation. The effect of the adjacent hydroxyl group counteracts the stabilising effect of the benzylic substituent