Basic Modes of Radioactive Decay

This basic modes of radioactive decay review “Gamma Rays” reviews some topics related to radiation, its classification and importance. In general, gamma rays interfere with our life, so we need to comprehend radiation as fact around us all the time and all the time. We live in a naturally radioactive world, but to what extent do physicians, nurses, and medical technicians, who may have to deal with urgent cases of a radiation, know about it? This chapter will address what radiation is and what is its role. This chapter will guide us toward the knowledge of ionizing radiation and its certain forms such as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays. as well as it will review on radioactive decay (nuclear decay) as well as help us learn about radioactivity and radiation, in addition to the types of decays, which are divided into beta decay, gamma decay, electron capture, positron decay, and alpha decay. This chapter will focus on radioactive decay, the activity and units of radioactive activity, and half-life of it. The last part of this chapter discusses attenuation as the reduction in the intensity of gamma ray or X-ray beam. The most important subtitles that are scattered from attenuation are HVL mean free path, the linear attenuation coefficient, pair production, and photoelectric scattering

Relationship Between Disordered Eating Risk & Body Image Dissatisfaction of Spirit Squad Members

Background: Investigations into body image and disordered eating habits among aesthetic sports has shown that these athletes face pressures to be thin and to be a certain body type for their sport. Research aim/question(s): This study sought to determine if disordered eating habits and body dissatisfaction were prevalent within this population, whether or not there is a relationship between body image and disordered eating, and to determine the current research gap on body image and disordered eating among cheerleaders and dancers. Materials and Methods: Participants were 23 females including cheerleaders and dancers on the Spirit Squad as well as dance students from the dance department. Participants responded to personal demographic questions and completed the validated body image questionnaire (BIQ) and validated disordered eating questionnaire (FAST) via an online Qualtrics survey in the spring 2020 semester. Results: A total of 60% of participants were found to be at risk for disordered eating and eating disorders. Participants were found to be at moderate risk for body image dissatisfaction with an average BIQ score of 2.1. Body dissatisfaction had a positive linear relationship with disordered eating (r=0.5). A slight positive linear correlation exists between BMI and body dissatisfaction (r=0.218). Almost no linear relationship exists between BMI and disordered eating (r=0.167). There is no relationship between class and disordered eating (p=1). Conclusion: Previous research has shown prevalence rates of body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in aesthetic sports. The results of this study address the research gap by reporting an association between body image concerns and disordered eating and/or eating disorder pathology in a population of collegiate cheerleaders and dancers

The Effect of Partially Exposed Connective Tissue Graft on Root‐Coverage Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

The aim of this systematic review was to compare the root‐coverage outcomes of using a partially exposed connective tissue graft (CTG) technique with a fully covered CTG technique for root coverage. An electronic search up to February 28th, 2017, was performed to identify human clinical studies with data comparing outcomes of root coverage using CTG, with and without a partially exposed graft. Five clinical studies were selected for inclusion in this review. For each study, the gain of keratinized gingiva, reduction of recession depth, number of surgical sites achieving complete root coverage, percentage of root coverage, gain of tissue thickness, and changes of probing depth and clinical attachment level were recorded. Meta‐analysis for the comparison of complete root coverage between the two techniques presented no statistically significant differences. A statistically significant gain of keratinized tissue in favor of the sites with an exposed CTG and a tendency of greater reduction in recession depth were seen at the sites with a fully covered CTG. Based on the results, the use of a partially exposed CTG in root‐coverage procedures could achieve greater gain in keratinized gingiva, while a fully covered CTG might be indicated for procedures aiming to reduce recession depth

Predictors of clinical outcomes after periodontal treatment of aggressive periodontitis : 12-month randomized trial

Little is known about the factors that may be used in clinical practice to predict the therapeutic response of aggressive periodontitis patients. The aim of this study was to determine predictors of clinical outcomes after non-surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis. A total of 24 patients (aged 13-26 years) received oral hygiene instructions, as well as subgingival scaling and root planing. Twelve subjects received systemic azithromycin at random. Clinical variables were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Baseline microbiological assessment was performed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Multivariable models used generalized estimating equations. There were significant improvements in the entire sample in regard to pocket depth, clinical attachment level and bleeding on probing. Significant predictors of a reduction in mean pocket depth were: use of azithromycin, non-molar teeth, generalized disease and baseline pocket depth. Absence of plaque predicted a 0.22 mm higher attachment gain, whereas a baseline pocket depth ≥7 mm predicted a 1.36 mm higher attachment loss. Azithromycin, plaque, and baseline pocket depth were significant predictors of bleeding on probing. The concomitant presence of all three red complex species predicted a 0.78 mm higher attachment loss. It may be concluded that dental plaque, tooth type, disease extent, baseline pocket depth, and use of azithromycin were significant predictors of the clinical response to treatment for aggressive periodontitis in young individuals. Moreover, the presence of multiple periodontal pathogens may predict challenges in achieving a favorable outcome for aggressive periodontitis

Principles of Periodontology

Periodontal diseases are among the most common diseases affecting humans. Dental biofilm is a contributor to the etiology of most periodontal diseases. It is also widely accepted that immunological and inflammatory responses to biofilm components are manifested by signs and symptoms of periodontal disease. The outcome of such interaction is modulated by risk factors (modifiers), either inherent (genetic) or acquired (environmental), significantly affecting the initiation and progression of different periodontal disease phenotypes. While definitive genetic determinants responsible for either susceptibility or resistance to periodontal disease have yet to be identified, many factors affecting the pathogenesis have been described, including smoking, diabetes, obesity, medications, and nutrition. Currently, periodontal diseases are classified based upon clinical disease traits using radiographs and clinical examination. Advances in genomics, molecular biology, and personalized medicine may result in new guidelines for unambiguous disease definition and diagnosis in the future. Recent studies have implied relationships between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions. Answering critical questions regarding host‐parasite interactions in periodontal diseases may provide new insight in the pathogenesis of other biomedical disorders. Therapeutic efforts have focused on the microbial nature of the infection, as active treatment centers on biofilm disruption by non‐surgical mechanical debridement with antimicrobial and sometimes anti‐inflammatory adjuncts. The surgical treatment aims at gaining access to periodontal lesions and correcting unfavorable gingival/osseous contours to achieve a periodontal architecture that will provide for more effective oral hygiene and periodontal maintenance. In addition, advances in tissue engineering have provided innovative means to regenerate/repair periodontal defects, based upon principles of guided tissue regeneration and utilization of growth factors/biologic mediators. To maintain periodontal stability, these treatments need to be supplemented with long‐term maintenance (supportive periodontal therapy) programs

Caracterización de la gingivitis crónica en la población adolescente

Introduction: chronic gingivitis is the inflammatory process that affects the periodontium of protection and alters the normal characteristics of the gingiva, with a high prevalence in adolescents.Objective: to characterize chronic gingivitis in adolescents from 11 to 19 years old in the North Area of Sancti Spiritus province.Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out; the target group comprised 61 adolescents, who attended the Provincial Teaching Dentistry Clinic during the period of September 2019-January 2020. The variables studied were: age, sex, factors of risk, clinical anatomy characteristic, severity of the disease and knowledge about chronic gingivitis. Methods from the theoretical and empirical levels, along with descriptive statistics were used.Results: the age group 17-19 years (45,9 %) predominated, poor oral hygiene (78,7 %) followed by dental caries (47,5 %) and smoking (40,9 %). The level of knowledge was poor in 72,1 % and edematous gingivitis was the one that most affected adolescents, with the highest incidence in the ages from 14 to 16 (36,1%).Conclusions: chronic gingivitis, mainly of the edematous type, was common in male adolescents in ages from 17 to 19. Risk factors such as poor oral hygiene influenced on the onset of this disease. It is necessary to increase the level of knowledge on adolescents to prevent the onset of this condition.Introducción: la gingivitis crónica es el proceso inflamatorio que afecta el periodonto de protección y altera las características normales de la encía, con elevada prevalencia en los adolescentes.Objetivo: caracterizar la gingivitis crónica en los adolescentes de 11 a 19 años del Área Norte de Sancti Spíritus.Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal cuyo universo quedó constituido por 61 adolescentes, que acudieron a la Clínica Estomatológica Docente Provincial durante el período de septiembre de 2019 a enero de 2020. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, factores de riesgo, aspecto anatomo clínico, gravedad de la enfermedad y conocimientos sobre gingivitis crónica. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y de la estadística descriptiva.Resultados: predominó el grupo de edades de 17 a 19 años (45,9 %), la higiene bucal deficiente (78,7 %) seguida de la caries dental (47,5 %) y el tabaquismo (40,9 %). El nivel de conocimientos fue malo en el 72,1 % y la gingivitis edematosa fue la que más afectó a los adolescentes, con mayor incidencia en el grupo de 14 a 16 años (36,1 %).Conclusiones: la gingivitis crónica, principalmente de tipo edematosa fue común en adolescentes masculinos y de edades entre 17 y 19 años. Factores de riesgo como una higiene bucal deficiente condicionan la aparición de la enfermedad. Es necesario incidir en el nivel de conocimientos de los adolescentes para prevenir la aparición de la enfermedad

The association of aggressive and chronic periodontitis with systemic manifestations and dental anomalies in a jordanian population: a case control study

<p>Abstract</p> <p><b>Background</b></p> <p>The relationship between dental anomalies and periodontitis has not been documented by earlier studies. Although psychological factors have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis, very little information has so far been published about the association of anxiety and depression with aggressive periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis with certain systemic manifestations and dental anomalies.</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p>A total of 262 patients (100 chronic periodontitis, 81 aggressive periodontitis and 81 controls), attending the Periodontology clinics at Jordan University of Science and Technology, Dental Teaching Centre) were included. All subjects had a full periodontal and radiographic examination to assess the periodontal condition and to check for the presence of any of the following dental anomalies: dens invaginatus, dens evaginatus, congenitally missing lateral incisors or peg-shaped lateral incisors. Participants were interrogated regarding the following: depressive mood, fatigue, weight loss, or loss of appetite; and their anxiety and depression status was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale.</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p>Patients with aggressive periodontitis reported more systemic symptoms (51%) than the chronic periodontitis (36%) and control (30%) patients (<it>p </it>< 0.05). Aggressive periodontitis patients had a higher tendency for both anxiety and depression than chronic periodontitis and control patients. Dental anomalies were significantly (<it>p </it>< 0.05) more frequent among both of chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients (15% and 16%, respectively), compared to controls.</p> <p><b>Conclusion</b></p> <p>In this group of Jordanians, systemic symptoms were strongly associated with aggressive periodontitis, and dental anomalies were positively associated with both aggressive and chronic periodontitis.</p