To which world regions does the valence–dominance model of social perception apply?

Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence–dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov’s methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov’s original analysis strategy, the valence–dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence–dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution

To which world regions does the valence–dominance model of social perception apply?

Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence–dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov’s methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov’s original analysis strategy, the valence–dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence–dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution.C.L. was supported by the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF VRG13-007); L.M.D. was supported by ERC 647910 (KINSHIP); D.I.B. and N.I. received funding from CONICET, Argentina; L.K., F.K. and Á. Putz were supported by the European Social Fund (EFOP-3.6.1.-16-2016-00004; ‘Comprehensive Development for Implementing Smart Specialization Strategies at the University of Pécs’). K.U. and E. Vergauwe were supported by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PZ00P1_154911 to E. Vergauwe). T.G. is supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). M.A.V. was supported by grants 2016-T1/SOC-1395 (Comunidad de Madrid) and PSI2017-85159-P (AEI/FEDER UE). K.B. was supported by a grant from the National Science Centre, Poland (number 2015/19/D/HS6/00641). J. Bonick and J.W.L. were supported by the Joep Lange Institute. G.B. was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-17-0418). H.I.J. and E.S. were supported by a French National Research Agency ‘Investissements d’Avenir’ programme grant (ANR-15-IDEX-02). T.D.G. was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. The Raipur Group is thankful to: (1) the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India for the research grants received through its SAP-DRS (Phase-III) scheme sanctioned to the School of Studies in Life Science; and (2) the Center for Translational Chronobiology at the School of Studies in Life Science, PRSU, Raipur, India for providing logistical support. K. Ask was supported by a small grant from the Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg. Y.Q. was supported by grants from the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (5184035) and CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology. N.A.C. was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (R010138018). We acknowledge the following research assistants: J. Muriithi and J. Ngugi (United States International University Africa); E. Adamo, D. Cafaro, V. Ciambrone, F. Dolce and E. Tolomeo (Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro); E. De Stefano (University of Padova); S. A. Escobar Abadia (University of Lincoln); L. E. Grimstad (Norwegian School of Economics (NHH)); L. C. Zamora (Franklin and Marshall College); R. E. Liang and R. C. Lo (Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman); A. Short and L. Allen (Massey University, New Zealand), A. Ateş, E. Güneş and S. Can Özdemir (Boğaziçi University); I. Pedersen and T. Roos (Åbo Akademi University); N. Paetz (Escuela de Comunicación Mónica Herrera); J. Green (University of Gothenburg); M. Krainz (University of Vienna, Austria); and B. Todorova (University of Vienna, Austria). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.https://www.nature.com/nathumbehav/am2023BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant Patholog

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Strategy sequential difficulty effects : In numerical cognition

Dans cette thèse, nous soutenons l'idée que les ressources cognitives disponibles pour l'exécution d'une stratégie dépendent non seulement de la personne et des exigences de la stratégie que nous allons exécuter, mais aussi des demandes propres à la stratégie qu'on vient d'exécuter. L'exécution d'une stratégie devrait alors être moins efficace lorsqu'elle suit une stratégie difficile (i.e., effets de difficulté séquentielle). Nous avons testé l'existence d'effets de difficulté séquentielle dans quatres expériences portant sur l'estimation calculatoire (i.e., estimer la solution de problèmes arithmétiques en arrondissant les opérandes). Nous avons observé une moindre efficacité d'exécution de la stratégie mixte sur des additions à deux chiffres (i.e., arrondir une opérande vers le bas et une opérande vers le haut) après avoir exécuté la stratégie d'arrondi supérieur, laquelle est la stratégie la plus difficile pour cette tâche. En outre, cet effet était davantage présent chez des personnes ayant une moindre capacité de mémoire de travail ainsi que chez des patients souffrant de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Ces résultats confirment l'existence d'effets de difficulté séquentielle stratégique. En outre, ils suggèrent que la capacité de mémoire de travail est impliquée.In this thesis, we defend the notion that cognitive resources available for strategy execution do not only depend on the participant and current task demands but also on prior task demands. Strategy performance should thus be less efficient when the previous strategy was difficult (i.e., sequential difficulty effects). The notion of sequential difficulty effects was tested in four experiments with computational estimation (i.e., estimating the solution to arithmetic problems by rounding the operands). We found that execution of a mixed-rounding strategy on two-digit addition problems (i.e., rounding one operand down and one operand up) was less efficient after an easy rounding-down strategy than after a difficult rounding-up strategy. Moreover, the effect was stronger in individuals with less efficient working-memory capacity and in Alzheimer patients. These results confirm the existence of strategy sequential difficulty effects and suggest that working memory is involved

Effets de difficulté séquentielle stratégique: Etudes en cognition numérique

In this thesis, we defend the notion that cognitive resources available for strategy execution do not only depend on the participant and current task demands but also on prior task demands. Strategy performance should thus be less efficient when the previous strategy was difficult (i.e., sequential difficulty effects). The notion of sequential difficulty effects was tested in four experiments with computational estimation (i.e., estimating the solution to arithmetic problems by rounding the operands). We found that execution of a mixed-rounding strategy on two-digit addition problems (i.e., rounding one operand down and one operand up) was less efficient after an easy rounding-down strategy than after a difficult rounding-up strategy. Moreover, the effect was stronger in individuals with less efficient working-memory capacity and in Alzheimer patients. These results confirm the existence of strategy sequential difficulty effects and suggest that working memory is involved.Dans cette thèse, nous soutenons l'idée que les ressources cognitives disponibles pour l'exécution d'une stratégie dépendent non seulement de la personne et des exigences de la stratégie que nous allons exécuter, mais aussi des demandes propres à la stratégie qu'on vient d'exécuter. L'exécution d'une stratégie devrait alors être moins efficace lorsqu'elle suit une stratégie difficile (i.e., effets de difficulté séquentielle). Nous avons testé l'existence d'effets de difficulté séquentielle dans quatres expériences portant sur l'estimation calculatoire (i.e., estimer la solution de problèmes arithmétiques en arrondissant les opérandes). Nous avons observé une moindre efficacité d'exécution de la stratégie mixte sur des additions à deux chiffres (i.e., arrondir une opérande vers le bas et une opérande vers le haut) après avoir exécuté la stratégie d'arrondi supérieur, laquelle est la stratégie la plus difficile pour cette tâche. En outre, cet effet était davantage présent chez des personnes ayant une moindre capacité de mémoire de travail ainsi que chez des patients souffrant de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Ces résultats confirment l'existence d'effets de difficulté séquentielle stratégique. En outre, ils suggèrent que la capacité de mémoire de travail est impliquée

Sequential Difficulty Effects During Strategy Execution A Study in Arithmetic A Study in Arithmetic

International audienceIn two experiments, we tested the hypothesis that strategy performance on a given trial is influenced by the difficulty of the strategy executed on the immediately preceding trial, an effect that we call strategy sequential difficulty effect. Participants' task was to provide approximate sums to two-digit addition problems by using cued rounding strategies. Results showed that performance was poorer after a difficult strategy than after an easy strategy. Our results have important theoretical and empirical implications for computational models of strategy choices and for furthering our understanding of strategic variations in arithmetic as well as in human cognition in general

Strategy sequential difficulty effects vary with working-memory and response-stimulus-intervals: A study in arithmetic

International audienceStrategy sequential difficulty effects are the findings that when participants execute strategies, performance is worse after a difficult strategy than after an easy strategy (Uittenhove & Lemaire, 2012). Strategy sequential difficulty effects are hypothesized to result from decreased working-memory resources following difficult strategy execution. In the present study we found a correlation between individuals' working memory and strategy sequential difficulty effects in arithmetic, supporting a working-memory account of these effects. Furthermore, we varied response-stimulus intervals, and we found decreased strategy sequential difficulty effects with increasing response-stimulus intervals. Implications of these findings for further understanding of strategic variations in human cognition are discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Strategy sequential difficulty effects in Alzheimer patients: A study in arithmetic

International audienceObjective: Consistent with Uittenhove and Lemaire (2012), we expected that strategy execution would be slower following execution of a difficult strategy than after an easy strategy (strategy sequential difficulty, SSD, effects). Moreover, we expected larger SSD effects in older adults than in young adults, and especially in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, a population with marked cognitive impairments. Method: A total of 25 young and older (41 AD and 25 healthy) adults were asked to execute rounding strategies to solve arithmetic problems (e.g., solving 43 + 68 by rounding operands down or up, e.g., 40 + 70 = 110). We measured solution latencies and percentage errors with a strategy as a function of the difficulty of the just-executed strategy. Results: Solution latencies were significantly shorter following the easier rounding-down strategy than following the harder rounding-up strategy, F(2, 156) = 35.8. Moreover, this effect was significantly larger in AD patients, F(1, 78) = 117.4. Conclusions: We found comparable SSD effects in young and healthy older adults but dramatically increased SSD effects in AD patients. This has implications to further our understanding of strategic aspects underlying decreased cognitive functioning in AD patients