Wer spendet in Deutschland? Eine sozialstrukturelle Analyse

Das Spenden von Geld für gemeinnützige Zwecke hat in Deutschland eine lange Tradition. Auch in den aktuellen Diskursen zur Zivilgesellschaft erfreuen sich die Spenden der Bürger steigender Aufmerksamkeit. Die vorliegende Studie geht mittels deskriptiver Analysen vorhandener Umfragedaten den Fragen nach, wie hoch die jährliche Spendensumme in Deutschland ist, wer von den Bundesbürgern spendet und welche Faktoren das Spendenverhalten beeinflussen. In den Ergebnissen zeigt sich, dass Umfang und Ausmaß von Spenden in Deutschland durch ein hohes Maß an Kontinuität und Stabilität gekennzeichnet sind. Alter, höhere Bildung, bessere wirtschaftliche Situation und eine starke religiöse Bindung wirken sich förderlich auf die Spendenbereitschaft aus. Die Spendenbeteiligung und Spendenhöhe steigt mit zunehmendem Einkommen, doch spenden untere Einkommensgruppen von ihrem Einkommen prozentual mehr. Bürger, die in Vereinen oder Verbänden engagiert sind, geben häufiger und mehr als nicht engagierte Bürger. -- Giving to nonprofit organisations has a long tradition in Germany. The donations of citizens enjoy increasing attention in current discourses on civil society. This study, by means of descriptive analyses of existing survey data, investigates which German citizens donate and how much yearly, in addition to the factors influencing their donation behaviour. The results show that the extent and volume of donations in Germany are characterised by a high degree of continuity and stability. Age, higher education, a better economic situation and a strong religious commitment positively affect the readiness to give money. The willingness to donate and the amount donated increase with income, though lower income groups give by percentage more. Citizens, who are members in associations, give more frequently and higher amounts than citizens who are not.

Ion beam modification of surfaces for biomedical applications

Human life expectancy increased significantly within the last century. Hence, medical care must ever be improved. Optimizing artificial replacements such as hip joints or stents etc. is of special interest. For this purpose, new materials are constantly developed or known ones modified. This work focused on the possibility to change the chemistry and topography of biomedically relevant materials such as diamond-like carbon (DLC) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) by means of ion beam irradiation. Mass-separated ion beam deposition was used in order to synthesize DLC layers with a high sp³ content (> 70%), a sufficiently smooth surface (RMS < 1 nm) and a manageable film thickness (50 nm). The chemistry of the DLC layers was changed by ion beam doping with different ion species (Ag, Ti) and concentrations. Additionally, the surface topography of silicon and titanium dioxide was altered by ion beam irradiation under non-perpendicular angle of incidence. The created periodic wave structures (so-called ripples) were characterized and their dependency on the ion energy was investigated. Moreover, ripples on silicon were covered with a thin DLC layer in order to create DLC ripples. The biocompatibility of all samples was investigated by adsorption experiments. For this purpose, human plasma fibrinogen (HPF) was used due to its ambiphilic character, which allows the protein to assume different conformations on materials with different hydrophilicities. Moreover, HPF is a crucial factor in the blood coagulation process. This work comes to the conclusion that the interaction of both, the surface chemistry and topography, has a strong influence on the adsorption behavior of HPF and thus the biocompatibility of a material. Both factors can be specifically tuned by means of ion beam irradiation

Wer spendet in Deutschland? Eine sozialstrukturelle Analyse

"Das Spenden von Geld für gemeinnützige Zwecke hat in Deutschland eine lange Tradition. Auch in den aktuellen Diskursen zur Zivilgesellschaft erfreuen sich die Spenden der Bürger steigender Aufmerksamkeit. Die vorliegende Studie geht mittels deskriptiver Analysen vorhandener Umfragedaten den Fragen nach, wie hoch die jährliche Spendensumme in Deutschland ist, wer von den Bundesbürgern spendet und welche Faktoren das Spendenverhalten beeinflussen. In den Ergebnissen zeigt sich, dass Umfang und Ausmaß von Spenden in Deutschland durch ein hohes Maß an Kontinuität und Stabilität gekennzeichnet sind. Alter, höhere Bildung, bessere wirtschaftliche Situation und eine starke religiöse Bindung wirken sich förderlich auf die Spendenbereitschaft aus. Die Spendenbeteiligung und Spendenhöhe steigt mit zunehmendem Einkommen, doch spenden untere Einkommensgruppen von ihrem Einkommen prozentual mehr. Bürger, die in Vereinen oder Verbänden engagiert sind, geben häufiger und mehr als nicht engagierte Bürger." (Autorenreferat)"Giving to nonprofit organisations has a long tradition in Germany. The donations of citizens enjoy increasing attention in current discourses on civil society. This study, by means of descriptive analyses of existing survey data, investigates which German citizens donate and how much yearly, in addition to the factors influencing their donation behaviour. The results show that the extent and volume of donations in Germany are characterised by a high degree of continuity and stability. Age, higher education, a better economic situation and a strong religious commitment positively affect the readiness to give money. The willingness to donate and the amount donated increase with income, though lower income groups give by percentage more. Citizens, who are members in associations, give more frequently and higher amounts than citizens who are not." (author's abstract

Biofunctionalization of zinc oxide nanowires for DNA sensory applications

We report on the biofunctionalization of zinc oxide nanowires for the attachment of DNA target molecules on the nanowire surface. With the organosilane glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane acting as a bifunctional linker, amino-modified capture molecule oligonucleotides have been immobilized on the nanowire surface. The dye-marked DNA molecules were detected via fluorescence microscopy, and our results reveal a successful attachment of DNA capture molecules onto the nanowire surface. The electrical field effect induced by the negatively charged attached DNA molecules should be able to control the electrical properties of the nanowires and gives way to a ZnO nanowire-based biosensing device

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Measurement of the W±Z boson pair-production cross section in pp collisions at √s=13TeV with the ATLAS detector

published_or_final_versio

Measurement of the View the tt production cross-section using eμ events with b-tagged jets in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper describes a measurement of the inclusive top quark pair production cross-section (σtt¯) with a data sample of 3.2 fb−1 of proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 13 TeV, collected in 2015 by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. This measurement uses events with an opposite-charge electron–muon pair in the final state. Jets containing b-quarks are tagged using an algorithm based on track impact parameters and reconstructed secondary vertices. The numbers of events with exactly one and exactly two b-tagged jets are counted and used to determine simultaneously σtt¯ and the efficiency to reconstruct and b-tag a jet from a top quark decay, thereby minimising the associated systematic uncertainties. The cross-section is measured to be: σtt¯ = 818 ± 8 (stat) ± 27 (syst) ± 19 (lumi) ± 12 (beam) pb, where the four uncertainties arise from data statistics, experimental and theoretical systematic effects, the integrated luminosity and the LHC beam energy, giving a total relative uncertainty of 4.4%. The result is consistent with theoretical QCD calculations at next-to-next-to-leading order. A fiducial measurement corresponding to the experimental acceptance of the leptons is also presented

Search for High-Mass Resonances Decaying to τν in pp Collisions at √s=13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector

A search for high-mass resonances decaying to τν using proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV produced by the Large Hadron Collider is presented. Only τ-lepton decays with hadrons in the final state are considered. The data were recorded with the ATLAS detector and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1. No statistically significant excess above the standard model expectation is observed; model-independent upper limits are set on the visible τν production cross section. Heavy W′ bosons with masses less than 3.7 TeV in the sequential standard model and masses less than 2.2–3.8 TeV depending on the coupling in the nonuniversal G(221) model are excluded at the 95% credibility level

Search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with tau leptons in √s=13 TeV collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with at least two hadronically decaying tau leptons is presented. The analysis uses a dataset of pp collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 13TeV.Nosignificant deviation from the expected Standard Model background is observed. Limits are derived in scenarios of ˜χ+1 ˜χ−1 pair production and of ˜χ±1 ˜χ02 and ˜χ+1 ˜χ−1 production in simplified models where the neutralinos and charginos decay solely via intermediate left-handed staus and tau sneutrinos, and the mass of the ˜ τL state is set to be halfway between the masses of the ˜χ±1 and the ˜χ01. Chargino masses up to 630 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level in the scenario of direct production of ˜χ+1 ˜χ−1 for a massless ˜χ01. Common ˜χ±1 and ˜χ02 masses up to 760 GeV are excluded in the case of production of ˜χ±1 ˜χ02 and ˜χ+1 ˜χ−1 assuming a massless ˜χ01. Exclusion limits for additional benchmark scenarios with large and small mass-splitting between the ˜χ±1 and the ˜χ01 are also studied by varying the ˜ τL mass between the masses of the ˜χ±1 and the ˜χ01

Combined measurement of differential and total cross sections in the H → γγ and the H → ZZ* → 4ℓ decay channels at s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A combined measurement of differential and inclusive total cross sections of Higgs boson production is performed using 36.1 fb−1 of 13 TeV proton–proton collision data produced by the LHC and recorded by the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016. Cross sections are obtained from measured H→γγ and H→ZZ*(→4ℓ event yields, which are combined taking into account detector efficiencies, resolution, acceptances and branching fractions. The total Higgs boson production cross section is measured to be 57.0−5.9 +6.0 (stat.) −3.3 +4.0 (syst.) pb, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction. Differential cross-section measurements are presented for the Higgs boson transverse momentum distribution, Higgs boson rapidity, number of jets produced together with the Higgs boson, and the transverse momentum of the leading jet. The results from the two decay channels are found to be compatible, and their combination agrees with the Standard Model predictions