Sistema de monitoramento de obras via satélite

Orientador : Prof. Msc. Lisana K. SchmitzMonografia (especialização) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Curso de Especialização em Geoprocessamento.Inclui referênciasResumo : O Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), lançado em 2007, é um programa estratégico do Governo Federal que previu investimentos na recuperação e implantação de novas obras para infraestrutura, além de medidas para aumentar o ritmo de crescimento econômico do país. São mais de doze mil obras, de diversas naturezas e valores, com cronogramas de implantação diferentes, nas mais diversas localizações geográficas e de condições de implantação. Em virtude da grandiosidade de valores, obras e consequentemente importância ao país o Presidente da República solicitou um monitoramento atualizado e circunstanciado do andamento e da execução das obras e de sua dinâmica. Dentre os desafios encontrados para atender a esta demanda destacam-se: organizar mais de 78.000 km2 de imagens de satélite, desenvolver e gerenciar um banco de dados com os metadados das obras monitoradas, desenvolver uma interface que possibilite a interpretação de imagens (webmapping), definir um processo de classificação de imagens simplificado para as obras e conseqüente monitoramento de obras de infraestrutura, passíveis de observação do espaço. Foram selecionadas, pela Casa Civil, 430 pontos de obra para monitorar. O sistema de monitoramento utiliza imagens de satélite de vários sensores de alta resolução espacial com aquisição de imagens em datas distintas e regular para uma mesma obra. A organização dos arquivos proposta é hierárquica recursiva e ajuda na pesquisa das imagens de satélite adquiridas pela Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite. À medida que novas imagens forem inseridas no banco de dados, já estarão organizadas em uma estrutura lógica, sem prejudicar a busca pelas imagens antigas cadastradas. A padronização proposta para classificação das imagens de diferentes sensores e características minimiza a intensidade de informações disponibilizadas pelas imagens de alta resolução, e permite a comparação entre diferentes sensores. Assim, limitar a área de influência direta e do entorno da obra, mostrou-se promissor, pois torna o processo mais ágil e preciso no processo de interpretação e classificação. A utilização de imagens de alta resolução padronizadas como proposto juntamente com o algoritmo da máxima verossimilhança se mostraram eficientes como suporte para avaliação da ocupação das terras tomadas pelas obras (área de influência direta) e do seu entorno. A interface desenvolvida vem sendo aplicada no projeto PAC 10 e pode ser utilizada em situações nas quais o monitoramento, por meio do uso de imagens de satélite, é necessário e viável. A interface webmapping desenvolvida permitiu aos clientes do projeto o gerenciamento e a interpretação das imagens de satélite proporcionando maior produtividade nas interpretações das imagens e consequentemente satisfação ao usuário. Além da interface webmapping, foi criada também a interface de cadastro dos metadados das obras e imagens. Esta ferramenta mostrou-se adequada para a gestão de metadados de obras de infraestrutura e imagens de satélite do projeto PAC 10. Essa estrutura pode ser aplicada em situações nas quais o monitoramento por meio do uso de imagens orbitais se faz necessário, pois permite uma atualização das imagens para uma determinada região sem comprometer o padrão de organização, facilitando a incorporação de novas imagens de satélite.Abstract : The Growth Acceleration Program (GAP), launched in 2007, is a strategic program of the federal government predicted that investments in rehabilitation and construction of new works for infrastructure, and measures to increase the pace of economic growth in the country. There are over twelve thousand works of various kinds and values, with different deployment schedules, in several geographical locations and conditions of deployment. Given the enormity of values, and consequently works important to the country the President of Republic has requested an updated and detailed monitoring of progress and the works and its dynamics. Among the challenges encountered to meet this demand include: organizing more than 78,000 km2 of satellite images, develop and manage a database with the metadata of the monitored projects, develop an interface that makes image interpretation (webmapping) define an image classification process simplified for the works and subsequent monitoring of infrastructure works, capable of space observation. Were selected by the Civil House, 430 points to monitor the work. The monitoring system uses satellite imagery from multiple sensors with high spatial resolution image acquisition at different dates and regular for the same work. The proposed file organization is hierarchical and recursive research assistance of satellite images acquired by Embrapa Satellite Monitoring. As new images are inserted in the database, are already rganized in a logical structure, without affecting the search for listings older images. The standard proposed for classification of images from different sensors and minimizes the intensity characteristics of information provided by high-resolution images, and allows comparison between different sensors. Thus, limiting the area of direct influence and the area surrounding the site, may be promising, because it makes the process faster and more accurate in the process of interpretation and classification. The use of standardized high-resolution images as proposed with the maximum likelihood algorithm has proved effective as a support for evaluation of occupation of lands taken by the works (the area of direct influence) and its surroundings. The developed interface design has been applied in GAP 10 and can be used in situations in which monitoring, through the use of satellite imagery, it is necessary and feasible. The interface allows customers to webmapping developed project management and interpretation of satellite images for higher productivity in the interpretation of images and consequently the user satisfaction. Besides webmapping interface, the interface was also created to register the metadata of the works and images. This tool proved to be suitable for metadata management infrastructure works and satellite images of the project GAP 10. This structure can be applied in situations in which monitoring through the use of satellite images is necessary because it allows an update of the images for a given region without compromising the standard of organization, facilitating the incorporation of new satellite images

Análise geoespacial como ferramenta para o estabelecimento de medidas de prevenção de entrada de pragas nas áreas de plantios de Pinus spp.

Orientadora: Dra. Susete do Rocio Chiarello Penteado.Monografia (especialização) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Curso de Especialização em Gestão FlorestalInclui referênciasResumo: Este trabalho apresenta a caracterização da distribuição geoespacial das áreas de plantios de pinus e indica as regiões e quais vias de ingresso merecem mais atenção por parte dos órgãos de defesa sanitária, de modo a apoiar o planejamento de ações de prevenção à entrada das pragas quarentenárias Rhyacionia frustrana (Scudder in Comstock, 1880) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) e Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, 1868 (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: SCOLYTINAE). As áreas de ocorrência das duas pragas se sobrepõem na América Central e nos estados do Sul e Sudeste dos Estados Unidos e, dessa forma, as análises foram realizadas concomitantemente para ambas as pragas. São consideradas a localização dos municípios mais representativos para a produção de pinus, de acordo com os dados de produção de lenha, tora para papel e celulose e para outras finalidades; dos modais de transporte; das áreas urbanas onde há maior trânsito de pessoas e mercadorias; das barreiras fitossanitárias interestaduais; dentre outros dados, como as prováveis vias de ingresso de determinada praga e dessa forma evitar a introdução ou disseminação em novas áreas. A estratégia adotada para as análises espaciais é a de confrontar a localização geoespacial das áreas de produção de pinus em 2013 com a proximidade dos portos com transito internacional de mercadorias. Os dados analisados indicaram que para minimizar o acesso dessas duas pragas no país, devem ser priorizadas as inspeções em mudas e partes vivas das plantas hospedeiras (sementes, acículas, inflorescências, cones e mudas de Pinus spp. e Picea spp) nos portos de Santos (SP), Paranaguá (PR), São Francisco (SC), Laguna (SC), Itajaí (SC) e Tramandaí (RS). Os municípios que podem sofrer com os ataques dessas pragas, considerando a importância regional da cultura do pinus, são Telêmaco Borba (PR), Três Barras (SC), Otacílio Costa (SC) e Itapeva (SP). Os materiais de embalagens e suportes fabricados em madeiras originários ou que transitaram pelos países onde existe a presença de D. frontalis e R. frustrana deverão ter atenção especial, em função do alto risco da presença da praga, sendo eles: Belize, El Salvador, Estados Unidos, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicarágua, Canadá e Israel

Global tropical forest cover change assessment with medium spatial satellite imagery using a systematic sample grid – data, methods and first results

At the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, a methodology has been developed to monitor the pan-tropical forest cover with remote sensing data for the years 1990-2000-2005 in Latin America, Southeast Asia and Africa on the basis of over 4000 sample units sample units with a dimension of 20 km by 20 km located at every full latitude and longitude degree confluence. From the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) instruments, images with low cloud impact from the epochs around the years 1990, 2000 and 2005 were selected and subsets covering the sample units were cut-out, pre-processed, segmented and classified in five different land cover classes in order to build global and regional statistics on tropical forest cover change. The data was validated in three steps, internal correction of wrongly classified objects, external (national or regional) expert validation and internal harmonization of the data. In this paper, the data collection and the workflow of the forest cover change assessment for the epochs 1990 and 2000 is presented. Parts of the results for the Brazilian Amazon have been validated by comparing with interpretations of corresponding samples carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), showing a very high correlation. Further, the figure produced by INPE through the PRODES program on gross deforestation for the years 1990-2000 was compared to the figure calculated on basis of the JRC results for the respective area, where the JRC estimate that was ca. 10% higher than the INPE estimate.JRC.DDG.H.3-Global environement monitorin

Dinâmica de uso e cobertura da terra e análise de tendência de mudanças para o município de Caçador, SC.

Esse estudo mostra a importância de tecnologias que podem ser utilizadas no planejamento territorial e monitoramento da paisagem rural. Apresenta os procedimentos metodológicos para o mapeamento, a análise e o monitoramento do uso e cobertura da terra no município de Caçador, SC, em dois momentos, 2011 e em 2014. Foi empregada classificação orientada a objetos de imagens de satélite da constelação RapidEye, conforme metodologia desenvolvida para o Inventário Florestal Nacional do Brasil. A análise de qualidade temática da classificação levou em consideração o percentual de área ocupada pelas classes: Floresta natural, Outras terras com árvores, Gramíneas e herbáceas, Floresta plantada, Solo exposto, Agricultura e pastagem, Influência urbana e Superfície com água. Os valores da acurácia global foi igual a 87,65±2,61% e 86,31±2,10% para os anos de 2011 e 2014, respectivamente. Para a detecção de mudanças empregou-se Land Change Modeler, que se baseia em cadeias markovianas para a geração de matrizes de transição. As maiores alterações ocorreram nas classes Floresta natural (-4,6%), Floresta plantada (2,6%) e Agricultura e pastagem (1,9%). Na região nordeste do município concentra-se a maior probabilidade (até 12, 04%) de ocorrer a conversão da classe Floresta natural para classes que contemplem atividades antrópicas

The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29

The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Proposta de organização e visualização de grande quantidade de imagens orbitais através de web services

The organization of satellite imagery seeks to facilitate the presentation and manipulation of spatial information in projects of Land Management's Strategic area from Embrapa Satellite Monitoring, enabling integration between mapped data and interoperability of image data and mapped regions. As a way to standardize this organization, we followed the recommendations of national and international bodies that deal with the standardization of geographic metadata, specifically satellite images. To view this integration, a webmapping interface was created. A webmapping must be prepared to meet the needs of relationship between user and product. In this paper we propose a standardized structure for storage and maintenance of images obtained by satellite sensors aiming its availability on the web through web map services, examples of interoperability. The non-interoperability prevents sharing of information and computing resources. The visualization of web map services takes place through a webmapping that benefits from the organization structure of satellite images proposed in this paper. The hierarchical organization proposed research assistance of satellite images. As they are entered into the database, now new images will be organized in a logical structure, without affecting the search for listings older images. The webmapping allows a direct link between the metadata and geospatial data visualization. Combining web services based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in conjunction with the Flex technology allows the creation of Rich Internet Applications (RIA) giving the user more possibilities of interaction via the Web.Pages: 8924-893