VALORACIÓN NUTRICIONAL DE TRES ALTERNATIVAS ALIMENTICIAS EN EL CRECIMIENTO Y ENGORDE DE CERDOS (Sus scrofa domestica) NANEGAL-PICHINCHA

La dieta de los cerdos puede ser muy variada; se utiliza balanceado, desechos de cocina y residuos de cosecha, lo que puede ser una oportunidad si se sabe cómo utilizar esta alternativa de alimentación para esta especie. En Ecuador se producen varios cultivos y sus residuos se pueden utilizar en su alimentación, no como una fuente única pero sí complementaria. En esta investigación realizada en el Noroccidente de Pichincha en la parroquia de Nanegal, se utilizó cultivos de la zona como son: banano (Musa paradisiaca) zanahoria blanca (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), camote (Ipomoea batatas). Se necesita una etapa de adaptación de los animales para alimentarse con residuos de cosecha y pueden alcanzar consumos superiores a los animales alimentados únicamente con balanceado, ganancias de peso superiores a los 0,9 kg/día, conversiones alimenticias de 3,4 y rendimientos a la canal del 78% y espesor de grasa dorsal de 25 mm

Efecto de la suplementación en vacas de pastoreo sobre la producción, eficiencia del uso y costo beneficio

Pastures are the main feeding source for ruminants supplemented with cereals. However, cereals are expensive in countries where surpluses are not produced, which could reduce the profitability of the dairy business. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of supplementation in grazing cows, on milk production, the efficiency of use, interaction with grass biomass, and cost-benefit ratio. A Latin square design with four animals and four treat-ments were used. The treatments to be evaluated were determined from the ratio between liters of milk and Kg. of concentrate. The proposed relationships were 2,5, 5,0, 7,5, and 10,0. It was determined that milk production (L /cow/day) increases when increasing the ration. The concentrated interaction and biomass (kg / MS) determined that with low production of biomass in pastures under <1.564 kg DM / hect. it becomes more evident the need for balance by the cows to maintain their production. If pastures have between 2.330- 1.564 kg DM / hect. the balancing amounts to be used are lower; but if pastures have> 2.330 kg DM / hect. the amount of balance that an animal should receive loses significance. The efficiency of the use of the balance in milk production has a decreasing behavior, that is, the greater the amount of supplement, the lower efficiency in milk production. The cost-benefit ratio is better when less supplement is used and decreases when the supplement amounts increase.Los pastos son el principal alimento para los rumiantes complementado con cereales. No obstante, los cereales son costosos en países donde no se producen excedentes, lo cual podría reducir la rentabilidad del negocio lechero. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la suplementación del balanceado en vacas de pastoreo, sobre producción de leche, la eficiencia del uso, la interacción con la biomasa del pasto y la relación costo beneficio. Se utilizó un diseño de cuadrado latino con cuatro animales y cuatro tratamientos. Los tratamientos a evaluar se de-terminaron a partir de la relación entre litros de leche y kg de concentrado. Las relaciones propuestas fueron de 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 y 10,0. Se determinó que la producción de leche (L/vaca/día) aumenta al incrementarse la ración. La inte-racción concentrado y biomasa (kg/MS) determinó que con una baja producción de biomasa en las pasturas <1.564 kg MS/ha se vuelve más evidente la necesidad de balanceado por parte de las vacas para mantener su producción. Si las pasturas tienen entre 2.330-1.564 kg MS/ha, las cantidades de balanceado a utilizar son más bajas; pero si las pasturas tienen > 2.330 kg MS/ha, la cantidad de balanceado que debe recibir un animal pierde importancia. La eficiencia del uso del balanceado en la producción de leche tiene un comportamiento decreciente; esto es, a mayor cantidad de suplemento menor es la eficiencia en producción de leche. La relación costo beneficio es mejor cuando menor cantidad de suplemento se utiliza y decae cuando las cantidades de suplemento aumentan

Mejoraramiento de la eficiencia de la proteina de los pastos en bovinos de leche utilizando cuatro formulaciones de balanceados

La ganadería es la actividad agropecuaria más difundida en el mundo, siendo la principal fuente de alimento el pasto. En esta investigación se evaluó la eficiencia del uso de la proteína bruta (PB) en pastos, utilizando cuatro formulaciones diferentes de balanceados en la alimentación de bovinos. Cuando los pastos tuvieron >18% de PB, los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con un balanceado 12% de (PB), y los elementos no nitrogenados (ENN) en un 68% aumentó la producción de leche, disminuyendo el contenido de proteína (pal 16% y un (ENN) <57%, aumentando la producción de leche y el contenido de proteína (p<0,05), mejorando el contenido de MUN en leche

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Avaliação nutricional de três alternativas alimentares no crescimento e engorde de suinos (lixo doméstico) Nanegal-Pichincha

La dieta de los cerdos puede ser muy variada; se utiliza balanceado, desechos de cocina y residuos de cosecha, lo quepuede ser una oportunidad si se sabe cómo utilizar esta alternativa de alimentación para esta especie. En Ecuadorse producen varios cultivos y sus residuos se pueden utilizar en su alimentación, no como una fuente única perosí complementaria. En esta investigación realizada en el Noroccidente de Pichincha en la parroquia de Nanegal, seutilizó cultivos de la zona como son: banano (Musa paradisiaca) zanahoria blanca (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), camote(Ipomoea batatas). Se necesita una etapa de adaptación de los animales para alimentarse con residuos de cosecha ypueden alcanzar consumos superiores a los animales alimentados únicamente con balanceado, ganancias de pesosuperiores a los 0,9 kg/día, conversiones alimenticias de 3,4 y rendimientos a la canal del 78% y espesor de grasadorsal de 25 mm.The pigs’ diet can be diverse, based on feed, kitchen waste, and crops’waste, which can be seen as an opportunity ifknown how to use this alternative feeding mechanism for this specie. In Ecuador various crops are produced and theirwaste can be used in pigs feeding, not as a unique source of nutrition but as a complementary diet. In this researchdone in Nanegal, in the NorthWest of Pichincha, endemic crops were used such as banana (Musa paradisiaca), whitecarrots (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). An adaptation period is needed for the animals tobe fed with crop’s waste and they can reach superior consumption levels compared to animals only nurtured withfeed, weight gains superior to 0,9 kgs per day, nutrition conversions of 3,4 and performance to the canal of 78% anda dorsal fat density of 25mm.A dieta dos suínos pode ser muito variada, são utilizados concentrados, lixo de cozinha e resíduos da agricultura, como alternativa de alimentação da espécie.No Equador, os produtos agrícolas e seus resíduos podem ser usados como alimento de suínos, não como única fonte, porém sim, como alimentação suplementar.Para o presente estudo realizado na região Noroeste de Pichincha (Nanegal), foram usados cultivos agrícolas locais como: banana (Musa paradisiaca) cenoura branca (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas).Foi requerida uma fase de adaptação dos animais, na qual foram usados resíduos de produtos agrícolas, para atingir um consumo maior que os animais alimentados apenas com concentrados. O ganho de peso foi superior a 0,9 kg / dia, a conversão alimentar de 3,4, rendimentos do canal de 78% e espessura da gordura dorsal de 25 mm

Valoración nutricional de tres alternativas alimenticias en el crecimiento y engorde de cerdos (sus scrofa domestica) nanegal-pichincha

The pigs’ diet can be diverse, based on feed, kitchen waste, and crops’waste, which can be seen as an opportunity ifknown how to use this alternative feeding mechanism for this specie. In Ecuador various crops are produced and theirwaste can be used in pigs feeding, not as a unique source of nutrition but as a complementary diet. In this researchdone in Nanegal, in the NorthWest of Pichincha, endemic crops were used such as banana (Musa paradisiaca), whitecarrots (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). An adaptation period is needed for the animals tobe fed with crop’s waste and they can reach superior consumption levels compared to animals only nurtured withfeed, weight gains superior to 0,9 kgs per day, nutrition conversions of 3,4 and performance to the canal of 78% anda dorsal fat density of 25mm.La dieta de los cerdos puede ser muy variada; se utiliza balanceado, desechos de cocina y residuos de cosecha, lo quepuede ser una oportunidad si se sabe cómo utilizar esta alternativa de alimentación para esta especie. En Ecuadorse producen varios cultivos y sus residuos se pueden utilizar en su alimentación, no como una fuente única perosí complementaria. En esta investigación realizada en el Noroccidente de Pichincha en la parroquia de Nanegal, seutilizó cultivos de la zona como son: banano (Musa paradisiaca) zanahoria blanca (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), camote(Ipomoea batatas). Se necesita una etapa de adaptación de los animales para alimentarse con residuos de cosecha ypueden alcanzar consumos superiores a los animales alimentados únicamente con balanceado, ganancias de pesosuperiores a los 0,9 kg/día, conversiones alimenticias de 3,4 y rendimientos a la canal del 78% y espesor de grasadorsal de 25 mm

Melhoria da eficiência da proteína dos pastos para bovinos leiteiros utilizando quatro formulações de dietas.

La ganadería es la actividad agropecuaria más difundida en el mundo, siendo la principal fuente de alimento el pasto. En esta investigación se evaluó la e?ciencia del uso de la proteína bruta (PB) en pastos, utilizando cuatro formulaciones diferentes de balanceados en la alimentación de bovinos. Cuando los pastos tuvieron &gt;18% de PB, los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con un balanceado 12% de (PB), y los elementos no nitrogenados (ENN) en un 68% aumentó la producción de leche, disminuyendo el contenido de proteína (p&lt;0,05) y el nivel de nitrógeno ureico en leche(MUN).Porotrolado,cuandolospastosseencuentranentre14-18%dePB,seobtuvieronlosmejoresresultados con balanceados que contienen una (PB)?14% y los (ENN)?61%, mejoró la producción de leche y el contenido de proteína (p&lt;0,05) y el nivel de MUN disminuye; mientras que si la (PB) en los pastos &lt;14% requiere una cantidad adicional de (PB) proveniente del balanceado, se obtuvieron los mejores resultados con balanceados de (PB) &gt;al 16% y un (ENN) &lt;57%, aumentando la producción de leche y el contenido de proteína (p&lt;0,05), mejorando el contenido de MUN en leche.Cattle raising is the most difused activity in the world. The main source of feeding is the grass. In this research, the efficiency of the crude protein (CP) in grass was evaluated using four different feed formulations in the cattle feeding. When the grass had &gt;18% of CP, the best results were obtained with cattle feed of 12% of CP and non-nitrogenous elements (NNE) in a 68%. It increased the milk production and the protein content, and the milk urea nitrogen(MUN) decreased. On the other hand, if the grass had between 14-18% of CP, the best results were obtained with cattle feed containing CP _ of 14% and the NNE _ of 61%. It also improved the milk production and the protein content, and the MUN level decreased. Whereas, if the CP in the grass was &lt;14%, it required an additional quantity of CP coming from the cattle feed. The best results were obtained with cattle feed with CP&gt;16% and NNE &lt;57%, increasing the milk production and the protein content, improving the content of MUN in milk. &nbsp;A pecuária é a atividade agrícola mais difundida do mundo, sendo os pastos a principal fonte de alimento. Nesta pesquisa, avaliou-se a eficiência do uso de proteína bruta (PB) em pastos, utilizando quatro diferentes dietas na alimentação de bovinos. Quando os pastos apresentaram &gt;18% PB os melhores resultados foram obtidos com dietas com 12% de PB, e 68% de elementos não nitrogenados (ENN) que aumentaram a produção de leite, diminuindo o teor de proteína (p &lt;0,05) e o nível de ureia no leite (MUN). Além disso, quando os pastos se encontraram entre 14 e 18% de PB, melhores resultados obtidos foram com dietas que continham 14% de (PB) e 61% (ENN) que melhoraram a produção de leite, e &nbsp;o conteúdo de proteína (p &lt;0,05) promovendo &nbsp;diminuição do nível de MUN. Enquanto que se, o teor de PB dos pastos &nbsp;eram &lt;14% necessitou-se de uma quantidade adicional de (PB) na dieta, sendo portanto, os melhores resultados obtidos com dietas com &gt;16% de (PB) e &lt;57% (ENN), com aumento da produção de leite e teor de proteína (p &lt;0,05), melhorando o teor de MUN no leite

Hypertension as a persistent public health problem. A position paper from Alliance for a Healthy Heart, Mexico

Today, Mexico has more than 130 million inhabitants; 85 millions of them are adults of 20 or more years old. The population pyramid is still one of base wider and this base corresponds to adults younger than 54 years old. Despite predictions made 20 years ago, about a transformation of the population pyramid shape to a mushroom shape as a consequence of more life expected and adult population growth; this change has not been occurred. Hypertension has become the biggest challenge of noncommunicable chronic diseases to public health in Mexico. Around 30% of adult Mexican population has hypertension; 75% of them have less than 54 years old (in productive age); 40% of them are unaware but only 50% of aware hypertensive population takes drugs and, 50% of them are controlled (&lt; 140/90 mmHg). Cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and diabetes often cohabit in the same person and are magnified one to another in terms of common pathophysiological pathways. Atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, stroke and heart failure are common and are the final pathologic end-points and explains why cardiovascular diseases occupy first place in mortality in Mexico and worldwide. The costs of care for these diseases are billionaires and if we do not generate appropriate strategies, their global impact can become a high threat to social development of the country. The life style like nutrition, sports habits of the Mexicans must be emphasized; there is poor education about this crucial topic. This position paper is focused on the principal controversies and strategies to be developed by all, government, society, physicians, nurses, patients and all people related with healthcare of hypertension, in order to confront this huge public health problem in Mexico