Derecho de asilo y perspectiva de género: Una descripción práctica de la entrevista en el procedimiento de asilo en Francia y España

El actual derecho de asilo nació después de la Segunda guerra mundial con la adopción de la Convención de Ginebra y de su protocolo, por lo cual debido a la época, estos textos no tienen enfoque de género. Sin embargo, desde entonces textos normativos como el Convenio de Estambul o las Directivas europeas han reconocido la singularidad de la experiencia femenina durante el proceso de asilo. Así, España y Francia, impulsados por los textos europeos, prevén la adaptación del procedimiento y del sistema de acogida de los solicitantes de asilo para integrar la dimensión de género. Los dos países han adoptado legislaciones y políticas que toman en cuenta las vulnerabilidades especificas de las mujeres. Además, intentan adaptar las condiciones de acogida con el fin de proteger a las mujeres solicitantes de asilo. No obstante, estos avances son limitados y dependen en gran medida de la detección de las situaciones de vulnerabilidad de las solicitantes la cual se desarrolla en gran medida durante la entrevista. El objetivo de este trabajo es descubrir si durante esta entrevista, clave en el proceso de asilo, se aplica una perspectiva de género. Si bien, las autoridades francesas se han esforzado para integrar un enfoque de género a la hora de entrevistar a las mujeres solicitantes de asilo, todavía en la práctica existen muchas derivas. Al contrario, en España existe una falta de formación y de recursos para poder tratar de manera adecuada a los solicitantes de asilo y particularmente a las mujeres. En definitiva, muchos aspectos del proceso de asilo, y en particular la entrevista, son mejorables en su deriva por incluir una perspectiva de género

TRATAMENTO DE ÁGUA EM JARAGUÁ DO SUL

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender como é realizada a captação, o tratamento e a distribuição da água no município de Jaraguá do Sul, bem como comparar o consumo de água entre os principais bairros do município. Este estudo se caracteriza como uma pesquisa experimental que envolveu duas visitas técnicas à sede do Serviço Autônomo Municipal de Água e Esgoto (SAMAE) de Jaraguá do Sul, onde observou-se na prática, cada uma das etapas do tratamento da água e os produtos químicos utilizados. A partir de dados do consumo mensal de água por bairros e de suas respectivas populações, fez-se uma comparação entre os diferentes bairros da cidade. O sistema de tratamento de água do SAMAE consiste na captação da água (principal fonte é o rio Itapocu), bombeamento para a estação de tratamento, onde passa pela mistura rápida/coagulação e em seguida pela mistura lenta/floculação, decantação e filtração de onde é direcionada através de tubulações de desinfecção e correção da água para o reservatório principal. A partir do reservatório principal a água é bombeada para reservatórios em cada bairro e em seguida é distribuída a população. O principais bairros de Jaraguá do Sul somam 91 256 habitantes (senso de 2011) que no mês de agosto de 2011 consumiram juntos 500.914 m3 de água, enquanto que apenas os bairros Centro, Ilha da Figueira e Rio Cerro consumiram juntos 30% do total de água distribuída no município no mês de agosto de 2011.

TAP1 and TAP2 Gene Polymorphisms in Korean Patients with Allergic Rhinitis

Antigen peptides are actively transported across the endoplasmic reticulum by the transporters associated with antigen presentation (TAP). TAP genes polymorphism could influence the selection process that determines which antigen peptides play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of TAP genes polymorphism with allergic rhinitis. TAP1 and TAP2 genotyping were performed on 110 allergic rhinitis patients and 107 healthy controls. TAP1 polymorphic residues at codons 333 and 637, and TAP2 polymorphic residues at codons 379, 565, 651, and 665 were analyzed by the amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Analysis of TAP1 gene polymorphism demonstrated decreased frequencies of Ile/Val genotype at codon 333, Asp/Gly genotype at codon 637, and haplotype A and B in allergic rhinitis patients when compared to controls (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the genotype, phenotype, or allele frequencies at four TAP2 codons between controls and allergic rhinitis patients. In conclusion, TAP1 gene polymorphism may be an important factor contributing to the genetic susceptibility in the development of allergic rhinitis in the Korean population

TAPBPR: a new player in the MHC class I presentation pathway.

In order to provide specificity for T cell responses against pathogens and tumours, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present high-affinity peptides at the cell surface to T cells. A key player for peptide loading is the MHC class I-dedicated chaperone tapasin. Recently we discovered a second MHC class I-dedicated chaperone, the tapasin-related protein TAPBPR. Here, we review the major steps in the MHC class I pathway and the TAPBPR data. We discuss the potential function of TAPBPR in the MHC class I pathway and the involvement of this previously uncharacterised protein in human health and disease.C.H was supported by a Wellcome Trust PhD Studentship (Grant 089563) and L.H.B was funded by a Wellcome Trust Career Development Fellowship (Grant 085038).This is the author accepted manuscript. The final published version is available via Wiley at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tan.12538/abstract;jsessionid=3D6AF64F5BD8C64E84634A4303842BE2.f04t01

Trans-Species Polymorphism and Selection in the MHC Class II DRA Genes of Domestic Sheep

Highly polymorphic genes with central roles in lymphocyte mediated immune surveillance are grouped together in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in higher vertebrates. Generally, across vertebrate species the class II MHC DRA gene is highly conserved with only limited allelic variation. Here however, we provide evidence of trans-species polymorphism at the DRA locus in domestic sheep (Ovis aries). We describe variation at the Ovar-DRA locus that is far in excess of anything described in other vertebrate species. The divergent DRA allele (Ovar-DRA*0201) differs from the sheep reference sequences by 20 nucleotides, 12 of which appear non-synonymous. Furthermore, DRA*0201 is paired with an equally divergent DRB1 allele (Ovar-DRB1*0901), which is consistent with an independent evolutionary history for the DR sub-region within this MHC haplotype. No recombination was observed between the divergent DRA and B genes in a range of breeds and typical levels of MHC class II DR protein expression were detected at the surface of leukocyte populations obtained from animals homozygous for the DRA*0201, DRB1*0901 haplotype. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis groups Ovar-DRA*0201 with DRA sequences derived from species within the Oryx and Alcelaphus genera rather than clustering with other ovine and caprine DRA alleles. Tests for Darwinian selection identified 10 positively selected sites on the branch leading to Ovar-DRA*0201, three of which are predicted to be associated with the binding of peptide antigen. As the Ovis, Oryx and Alcelaphus genera have not shared a common ancestor for over 30 million years, the DRA*0201 and DRB1*0901 allelic pair is likely to be of ancient origin and present in the founding population from which all contemporary domestic sheep breeds are derived. The conservation of the integrity of this unusual DR allelic pair suggests some selective advantage which is likely to be associated with the presentation of pathogen antigen to T-cells and the induction of protective immunity

Biotransformations of aliphatic nitriles and amides

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DX170401 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo