El cambiante lenguaje del turismo: del monólogo al diálogo y al triálogo

Cuando empezó a desarrollarse el “lenguaje del turismo”, el turismo formaba parte del proyecto “modernista”, cuyo discurso unilateral y monológico había surgido bajo parámetros de control social. En la actualidad, sin embargo, tenemos pruebas de que este discurso ha sufrido una transformación, debido a la difusión de la comunicación digital en Internet. En efecto, existe hoy un espíritu “postmoderno”, más igualitario, abierto al diálogo e incluso al “triálogo” entre los principales interlocutores del turismo: la industria del turismo, el turista y la comunidad receptora. Por esta razón, resulta necesaria una nueva perspectiva heurística, que refl eje los cambios en tan rápida evolución. A continuación, se abordará un análisis sistemático de tres modelos constitutivos, que ilustran conjuntamente el paradigma cambiante de los medios de comunicación, hoy abiertos a la mayor democratización.When the “language of tourism” was initially articulated, tourism formed part of the modernist project, wherein its unilateral, monological discourse was framed within the parameters of social control. However, there is evidence today that it has now been transformed on account of the digitalised communication of the Internet. Indeed, there is currently a more egalitarian, postmodern ethos of dialogue, or even trialogue, between the key players of tourism: the industry, the tourist and the touree. Consequently, a new heuristic framework becomes necessary, one that refl ects the changes that are rapidly occurring. With examples, a cell-by-cell approach is adopted in three constituent models which together illustrate a shifting paradigm in terms of the media that are now open to greater democratisation

WHEN IS A DISCIPLINE NOT A DISCIPLINE? EXPLORATIONS INTO THE INTERDISCIPLINARY SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF TOURISM UNDERSTANDING

Ovaj rad ponovno istražuje pitanje je li izučavanje turizma znanost, disciplina ili područje. Problem se analizira u sedam faza. Rad prvo istražuje pojam znanosti turizma jer, ako se može dokazati da je turizam metadisciplina, onda ga više ne treba promatrati kao disciplinu. Međutim, s obzirom da je dokazano da to nije tako, treba se usredotočiti na turizam kao disciplinu. Stoga se u sljedećem dijelu daje kratak pregled etimologije discipline. U trećem dijelu opisano je kako je pokrenuta rasprava o turizmu kao disciplini. Četvrto, nakon što smo istražili programe dva vodeća fakulteta društvenih znanosti i sadržaj jedne enciklopedije koja se bavi društvenim znanostima, mogli smo identifi cirati ključne discipline u društvenim znanostima i uvidjeti po čemu se razlikuju od područja koja nastaju preklapanjem više područja i od njihovih primjena. U petom dijelu rad istražuje problem “društvene znanosti turizma”. Šesto, rad analizira ideje intradisciplinarnosti, multidisciplinarnosti, interdisciplinarnosti i postdisciplinarnosti, koja se nedavno pojavila. Tamo gdje je u stvaranje kumulativnog znanja o turizmu uključeno više disciplina društvenih znanosti, takav pluralistički pristup sagledavanju tog fenomena naziva se interdisciplinarnost.This paper revisits the whole question of whether the study of tourism is a science, a discipline or a fi eld. The argument is developed in seven stages. First, the notion of the science of tourism is explored, because, if tourism as a meta-discipline can be substantiated, then a fortiori it is no longer necessary to examine tourism as a discipline. However, as the former is demonstrably not the case, attention needs to focus on the latter. Accordingly, and second, the etymology of a discipline is briefly outlined. Third, there is the contextual advent of tourism as a discipline debate. Fourth, by inspecting the offerings of two leading faculties of social sciences, and an encyclopedia with a similar focus, it is possible to identify the core disciplines in the social sciences and to distinguish them from intersecting fields and applications. Fifth, the issue of “tourism social science” is investigated. Sixth, the ideas of intradisciplinarity, multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and, more recently, postdisciplinarity are analysed. Where more than one social science discipline is involved in obtaining a cumulative knowledge of tourism, this pluralistic form of capturing the phenomenon is referred to as interdisciplinarity

EXPLORING THE MEANINGS OF MYTH IN TOURISM: FROM RELIGION, FANTASY AND FALSEHOOD TO SEMIOTICS IN THE TIME OF THE SIGN

Rad daje pregled osnovnih značenja riječi mit u znanosti o turizmu transponirajući uvide u mit iz tri glavne kategorije konceptualne analize: religije, fantazije/neistine i semiotike. Za svaku od kategorija najprije se navodi nekoliko rječničkih i internetskih definicija, a zatim slijede prilozi iz akademskih tekstova koji se bave ovom temom iz jednog ili više ranije spomenutih gledišta. Pregled se oslanja na tekstove Barthesa, Cohena, Danna, Dufoura, Henninga, Nötha, Selwyna, Uzzella i Williamsona. Metodom indukcije istaknuti su ključni elementi defi nicija i akademskih komentara te su potom primijenjeni na turizam.This paper undertakes a preliminary overview of the principal meanings ascribed to myth in tourism studies. It does so by transposing insights from three main categories of conceptual analysis as they relate to myth in general: religion, fantasy/falsehood and semiotics. In each case a few dictionary and online defi nitions are initially offered. Subsequently, contributions are drawn from academic works that examine this theme from the perspectives of one or more of the foregoing classifi cations. In particular, the writings of Barthes, Cohen, Dann, Dufour, Hennig, Nöth, Selwyn, Uzzell and Williamson are drawn upon. From these defi nitions and scholarly commentaries key elements are inductively highlighted and applied to tourism

FROM TRAVELOGUE TO TRAVELBLOG: (RE)-NEGOTIATING TOURIST IDENTITY

U svjetlu recentnog napretka u dostupnosti interneta glas turista dobija na važnosti, a stara praksa jednostrane komunikacije od gore prema dolje, kojom se koristila turistička industrija, zamjenjuje se demokratskim oblicima online komunikacije od dolje prema gore. Nigdje ova zamjena uloga nije tako dobro vidljiva kao kod "putobloga" (travelblog), dnevničkog zapisa iz prve ruke koji je u stalnom porastu i čije neprestano ažuriranje i interaktivne kvalitete doprinose evoluciji javne samo-začete verbalne razmjene koja se odvija među jednakima. Ova studija preispituje nekoliko primjera iz ovog žanra. Istovremeno želi dati alternativni teorijski temelj koji bi obuhvatio popratne promjene koje se ubrzano događaju u odnosu na identitet turista.In the light of recent advances in internet accessibility, the toudst has been given far greater "voice", and the old pattern of top-down, unilateral communication from the industry has been substituted with more democratic forms of bottom-up conversations online. Nowhere is this role reversal more evident than in the "travelblog", a dramatically increasing first-hand, diary-like account whose constant updating and interactive qualities contdbute to the evolution of public, self-initiated verbal exchange among equals. This study examines a few examples of the genre. At the same time, it seeks to provide an alternative theoretical grounding that can accommodate the concomitant changes that are rapidly occurring with respect to toudst identity

What drives security issuance decisions: Market timing, pecking order, or both?

We study market timing and pecking order in a sample of debt and equity issues and share repurchases of Canadian firms from 1998 to 2007. We find that only when firms are not financially constrained is there evidence that firms issue (repurchase) equity when their shares are overvalued (undervalued) and evidence that overvalued issuers earn lower postannouncement long-run returns. Similarly, we find that only when firms are not overvalued do they prefer debt to equity financing. These findings highlight an interaction between market timing and pecking order effects

Interleukin 6 increases production of cytokines by colonic innate lymphoid cells in mice and patients with chronic intestinal inflammation

Background & Aims: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a heterogeneous group of mucosal inflammatory cells that participate in chronic intestinal inflammation. We investigated the role of interleukin 6 (IL6) in inducing activation of ILCs in mice and in human beings with chronic intestinal inflammation. Methods: ILCs were isolated from colons of Tbx21-/- × Rag2-/- mice (TRUC), which develop colitis; patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); and patients without colon inflammation (controls). ILCs were characterized by flow cytometry; cytokine production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cytokine bead arrays. Mice were given intraperitoneal injections of depleting (CD4, CD90), neutralizing (IL6), or control antibodies. Isolated colon tissues were analyzed by histology, explant organ culture, and cell culture. Bacterial DNA was extracted from mouse fecal samples to assess the intestinal microbiota. Results: IL17A- and IL22-producing, natural cytotoxicity receptor-negative, ILC3 were the major subset of ILCs detected in colons of TRUC mice. Combinations of IL23 and IL1α induced production of cytokines by these cells, which increased further after administration of IL6. Antibodies against IL6 reduced colitis in TRUC mice without significantly affecting the structure of their intestinal microbiota. Addition of IL6 increased production of IL17A, IL22, and interferon-γ by human intestinal CD3-negative, IL7-receptor-positive cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: IL6 contributes to activation of colonic natural cytotoxicity receptor-negative, CD4-negative, ILC3s in mice with chronic intestinal inflammation (TRUC mice) by increasing IL23- and IL1α-induced production of IL17A and IL22. This pathway might be targeted to treat patients with IBD because IL6, which is highly produced in colonic tissue by some IBD patients, also increased the production of IL17A, IL22, and interferon-γ by cultured human colon CD3-negative, IL7-receptor-positive cells

Measurement of the cross-section and charge asymmetry of WW bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at s=8\sqrt{s}=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents measurements of the $W^+ \rightarrow \mu^+\nu$ and $W^- \rightarrow \mu^-\nu$ cross-sections and the associated charge asymmetry as a function of the absolute pseudorapidity of the decay muon. The data were collected in proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 20.2~\mbox{fb^{-1}}. The precision of the cross-section measurements varies between 0.8% to 1.5% as a function of the pseudorapidity, excluding the 1.9% uncertainty on the integrated luminosity. The charge asymmetry is measured with an uncertainty between 0.002 and 0.003. The results are compared with predictions based on next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations with various parton distribution functions and have the sensitivity to discriminate between them.Comment: 38 pages in total, author list starting page 22, 5 figures, 4 tables, submitted to EPJC. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2017-13

Search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √ s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Results of a search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum are reported. The search uses 20.3 fb−1 of √ s = 8 TeV data collected in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events are required to have at least one jet with pT > 120 GeV and no leptons. Nine signal regions are considered with increasing missing transverse momentum requirements between Emiss T > 150 GeV and Emiss T > 700 GeV. Good agreement is observed between the number of events in data and Standard Model expectations. The results are translated into exclusion limits on models with either large extra spatial dimensions, pair production of weakly interacting dark matter candidates, or production of very light gravitinos in a gauge-mediated supersymmetric model. In addition, limits on the production of an invisibly decaying Higgs-like boson leading to similar topologies in the final state are presente