Sports Arbitration. Which Features Can Be "Exported" to Other Fields of Arbitration?

This article explaind why resort to arbitration is so widespread in the sport sector and describes the peculiar features of sports arbitration. Then, it analyses those peculiar features, as well as the benefits thereof, and suggests which of them could be also applied in the arbitral settlement of disputes in other business sectors

Predicting strategic change of public research institutions under unstable negative growth

The purpose of this paper is to forecast and analyse, by a demographic perspective, the organizational behaviour of public research labs. The research focuses on the biggest Italian public research body. Demographic models of growth, based on different human resource policies, show the uncertain and retrogressive evolutionary change of Italian public research bodies that would halve their research personnel over the forecast horizon. These results provide vital information to the public management about the weaknesses and environmental threats in order to support decisions for improving the strategic change and survival of public research institutions over time.Organizational Studies, Forecasting, Public Research Institutions, Internal Demography

How should be the levels of public and private R&D investments to trigger modern productivity growth? Empirical evidence and lessons learned for Italian economy

Governments in modern economies devote much policy attention to enhancing productivity and continue to emphasize its drivers such as investment in R&D. This paper analyzes the relationship between productivity growth and levels of public and private R&D expenditures. The economic analysis shows that the magnitude of R&D expenditure by business enterprise equal to 1.58% (% of GDP) and R&D expenditure of government and higher education of 1.06 (% of GDP) maximize the long-run impact on productivity growth. These optimal rates are the key to sustain productivity and technology improvements that are more and more necessary to modern economic growth.R&D investment, Productivity growth, Optimization

Classifications of innovations: Survey and future directions

The purpose of this paper is to focus on similarity and/or heterogeneity of taxonomies of innovation present in the economic fields to show as the economic literature uses different names to indicate the same type of technical change and innovation, and the same name for different types of innovation. This ambiguity of classification makes it impossible to compare the various studies; moreover the numerous typologies existing in the economics of innovation, technometrics, economics of technical change, management of technology, etc., have hindered the development of knowledge in these fields. The research presents also new directions on the classification of innovation that try to overcome these problems.Classifications, Taxonomy, Technical change, Product, Innovation Patterns, Management of Technology, Economics of innovation

Technology and Technometrics approachesne

The technological innovation, nowadays, is one of the most important determinant for increasing the wealth of the nations. Souder and Shrivastrava said “we can’t begin to make decisions about technology until we understand it. And we can’t begin to really understand it until we can measure it”. For this reason within the economics a new branch called Technometrics is born: it is a new theoretical framework for the conception and measurement of technological change with important policy implications (Sahal, 1985). The aim of this paper is, after introducing the concepts of technological innovation as used by the economists during the nineteenth and twentieth-century, to show the historical evolution of the several approaches used to measure and evaluate the technology and technology change from 1930 to 2004. A discussion of these approaches shows the methodological difficulties and their potentials.Technometrics, Technology, Technological Change, Patterns of technological innovation,history of economic thought, systemic approach, innovation diffusion

Positive and negative stress in business cycle behaviour

The economic theory shows as business cycles have longer periods of expansions than contractions. The purpose of this paper is to analyze their behaviour in order to present a metrics that assesses the negative and positive stress of the economic system. In addition, this analysis presents some forecasting implications supporting modern political economy of growth.Business Cycles, Contraction-compression Economic stress, Economic Forecasting