354 research outputs found
ZFOURGE: Using Composite Spectral Energy Distributions to Characterize Galaxy Populations at 1<z<4
We investigate the properties of galaxies as they shut off star formation
over the 4 billion years surrounding peak cosmic star formation. To do this we
categorize galaxies from into groups based on the shape
of their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and build composite SEDs with
resolution. These composite SEDs show a variety of spectral shapes
and also show trends in parameters such as color, mass, star formation rate,
and emission line equivalent width. Using emission line equivalent widths and
strength of the 4000\AA\ break, , we categorize the composite SEDs
into five classes: extreme emission line, star-forming, transitioning,
post-starburst, and quiescent galaxies. The transitioning population of
galaxies show modest H emission (\AA) compared to
more typical star-forming composite SEDs at
(\AA). Together with their smaller sizes (3 kpc vs. 4 kpc)
and higher S\'ersic indices (2.7 vs. 1.5), this indicates that morphological
changes initiate before the cessation of star formation. The transitional group
shows a strong increase of over one dex in number density from to
, similar to the growth in the quiescent population, while
post-starburst galaxies become rarer at . We calculate average
quenching timescales of 1.6 Gyr at and 0.9 Gyr at and
conclude that a fast quenching mechanism producing post-starbursts dominated
the quenching of galaxies at early times, while a slower process has become
more common since .Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa
Disentangling correlated scatter in cluster mass measurements
The challenge of obtaining galaxy cluster masses is increasingly being
addressed by multiwavelength measurements. As scatters in measured cluster
masses are often sourced by properties of or around the clusters themselves,
correlations between mass scatters are frequent and can be significant, with
consequences for errors on mass estimates obtained both directly and via
stacking. Using a high resolution 250 Mpc/h side N-body simulation, combined
with proxies for observational cluster mass measurements, we obtain mass
scatter correlations and covariances for 243 individual clusters along ~96
lines of sight each, both separately and together. Many of these scatters are
quite large and highly correlated. We use principal component analysis (PCA) to
characterize scatter trends and variations between clusters. PCA identifies
combinations of scatters, or variations more generally, which are uncorrelated
or non-covariant. The PCA combination of mass measurement techniques which
dominates the mass scatter is similar for many clusters, and this combination
is often present in a large amount when viewing the cluster along its long
axis. We also correlate cluster mass scatter, environmental and intrinsic
properties, and use PCA to find shared trends between these. For example, if
the average measured richness, velocity dispersion and Compton decrement mass
for a cluster along many lines of sight are high relative to its true mass, in
our simulation the cluster's mass measurement scatters around this average are
also high, its sphericity is high, and its triaxiality is low.
Our analysis is based upon estimated mass distributions for fixed true mass.
Extensions to observational data would require further calibration from
numerical simulations, tuned to specific observational survey selection
functions and systematics.Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures, final version to appear in MNRAS, helpful
changes from referee and others incorporate
Exposure-response relationship of ramucirumab in patients with advanced second-line colorectal cancer: exploratory analysis of the RAISE trial
To characterize ramucirumab exposure-response relationships for efficacy and safety in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) using data from the RAISE study. Sparse pharmacokinetic samples were collected;a population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models analyzed the relationship between predicted ramucirumab minimum trough concentration at steady state (C (min,ss)) and survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate survival from patients in the ramucirumab plus folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) treatment arm stratified by C (min,ss) quartiles (Q). An ordered categorical model analyzed the relationship between C (min,ss) and safety outcomes. Pharmacokinetic samples from 906 patients were included in exposure-efficacy analyses;samples from 905 patients were included in exposure-safety analyses. A significant association was identified between C (min,ss) and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p 3 neutropenia was associated with an increase in ramucirumab exposure. Exploratory exposure-response analyses suggested a positive relationship between efficacy and ramucirumab exposure with manageable toxicities in patients from the RAISE study with mCRC over the ranges of exposures achieved by a dose of 8 mg/kg every 2 weeks in combination with FOLFIRI
Stellar Processes Near the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center
A massive black hole resides in the center of most, perhaps all galaxies. The
one in the center of our home galaxy, the Milky Way, provides a uniquely
accessible laboratory for studying in detail the connections and interactions
between a massive black hole and the stellar system in which it grows; for
investigating the effects of extreme density, velocity and tidal fields on
stars; and for using stars to probe the central dark mass and probe
post-Newtonian gravity in the weak- and strong-field limits. Recent results,
open questions and future prospects are reviewed in the wider context of the
theoretical framework and physical processes that underlie them.
Contents: [1] Introduction (1.1) Astrophysical context (1.2) Science
questions (1.3) Scope and connections to related topics [2] Observational
overview: Stars in the Galactic center (2.1) The central 100 parsecs (2.2) The
central parsec [3] Stellar dynamics at extreme densities (3.1) Physical
processes and scales (3.2) The stellar cusp in the Galactic center (3.3) Mass
segregation (3.4) Stellar Collisions [4] Probing the dark mass with stellar
dynamics (4.1) Weighing and pinpointing the dark mass (4.2) Constraints on
non-BH dark mass alternatives (4.3) Limits on MBH binarity (4.4) High-velocity
runaway stars [5] Probing post-Newtonian gravity near the MBH (5.1)
Relativistic orbital effects (5.2) Gravitational lensing [6] Strong star-MBH
interactions (6.1) Tidal disruption (6.2) Dissipative interactions with the MBH
[7] The riddle of the young stars (7.1) The difficulties of forming or
importing stars near a MBH (7.2) Proposed solutions (7.3) Feeding the MBH with
stellar winds [8] Outlook (8.1) Progress report (8.2) Future directionsComment: Invited review article, to appear in Physics Reports. 101 p
Health Disparities Between Appalachian and Non-Appalachian Counties in Virginia USA
The examination of health disparities among people within Appalachian counties compared to people living in other counties is needed to find ways to strategically target improvements in community health in the United States of America (USA). Methods: A telephone survey of a random sample of adults living in households within communities of all counties of the state of Virginia (VA) in the USA was conducted. Findings: Health status was poorer among those in communities within Appalachian counties in VA and health insurance did not make a difference. Health perception was significantly worse in residents within communities in Appalachian counties compared to non-Appalachian community residents (30.5 vs. 17.4% rated their health status as poor/fair), and was worse even among those with no chronic diseases. Within communities in Appalachian counties, black residents report significantly better health perception than do white residents. Conclusion: Residents living in communities in Appalachian counties in VA are not receiving adequate health care, even among those with health insurance. More research with a larger ethnic minority sample is needed to investigate the racial/ethnic disparities in self-reported health and health care utilization within communities
Domain Analysis Reveals That a Deubiquitinating Enzyme USP13 Performs Non-Activating Catalysis for Lys63-Linked Polyubiquitin
Deubiquitination is a reverse process of cellular ubiquitination important for many biological events. Ubiquitin (Ub)-specific protease 13 (USP13) is an ortholog of USP5 implicated in catalyzing hydrolysis of various Ub chains, but its enzymatic properties and catalytic regulation remain to be explored. Here we report studies of the roles of the Ub-binding domains of USP13 in regulatory catalysis by biochemical and NMR structural approaches. Our data demonstrate that USP13, distinct from USP5, exhibits a weak deubiquitinating activity preferring to Lys63-linked polyubiquitin (K63-polyUb) in a non-activation manner. The zinc finger (ZnF) domain of USP13 shares a similar fold with that of USP5, but it cannot bind with Ub, so that USP13 has lost its ability to be activated by free Ub. Substitution of the ZnF domain with that of USP5 confers USP13 the property of catalytic activation. The tandem Ub-associated (UBA) domains of USP13 can bind with different types of diUb but preferentially with K63-linked, providing a possible explanation for the weak activity preferring to K63-polyUb. USP13 can also regulate the protein level of CD3δ in cells, probably depending on its weak deubiquitinating activity and the Ub-binding properties of the UBA domains. Thus, the non-activating catalysis of USP13 for K63-polyUb chains implies that it may function differently from USP5 in cellular deubiquitination processes
Disease Gene Characterization through Large-Scale Co-Expression Analysis
In the post genome era, a major goal of biology is the identification of specific roles for individual genes. We report a new genomic tool for gene characterization, the UCLA Gene Expression Tool (UGET).Celsius, the largest co-normalized microarray dataset of Affymetrix based gene expression, was used to calculate the correlation between all possible gene pairs on all platforms, and generate stored indexes in a web searchable format. The size of Celsius makes UGET a powerful gene characterization tool. Using a small seed list of known cartilage-selective genes, UGET extended the list of known genes by identifying 32 new highly cartilage-selective genes. Of these, 7 of 10 tested were validated by qPCR including the novel cartilage-specific genes SDK2 and FLJ41170. In addition, we retrospectively tested UGET and other gene expression based prioritization tools to identify disease-causing genes within known linkage intervals. We first demonstrated this utility with UGET using genetically heterogeneous disorders such as Joubert syndrome, microcephaly, neuropsychiatric disorders and type 2 limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD2) and then compared UGET to other gene expression based prioritization programs which use small but discrete and well annotated datasets. Finally, we observed a significantly higher gene correlation shared between genes in disease networks associated with similar complex or Mendelian disorders.UGET is an invaluable resource for a geneticist that permits the rapid inclusion of expression criteria from one to hundreds of genes in genomic intervals linked to disease. By using thousands of arrays UGET annotates and prioritizes genes better than other tools especially with rare tissue disorders or complex multi-tissue biological processes. This information can be critical in prioritization of candidate genes for sequence analysis
Genetics of asthma: a molecular biologist perspective
Asthma belongs to the category of classical allergic diseases which generally arise due to IgE mediated hypersensitivity to environmental triggers. Since its prevalence is very high in developed or urbanized societies it is also referred to as "disease of civilizations". Due to its increased prevalence among related individuals, it was understood quite long back that it is a genetic disorder. Well designed epidemiological studies reinforced these views. The advent of modern biological technology saw further refinements in our understanding of genetics of asthma and led to the realization that asthma is not a disorder with simple Mendelian mode of inheritance but a multifactorial disorder of the airways brought about by complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Current asthma research has witnessed evidences that are compelling researchers to redefine asthma altogether. Although no consensus exists among workers regarding its definition, it seems obvious that several pathologies, all affecting the airways, have been clubbed into one common category called asthma. Needless to say, genetic studies have led from the front in bringing about these transformations. Genomics, molecular biology, immunology and other interrelated disciplines have unearthed data that has changed the way we think about asthma now. In this review, we center our discussions on genetic basis of asthma; the molecular mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis. Taking cue from the existing data we would briefly ponder over the future directions that should improve our understanding of asthma pathogenesis
State of the science 60th anniversary review
No abstract.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60971/1/23643_ftp.pd
Recent Advances in Synthetic Bioelastomers
This article reviews the degradability of chemically synthesized bioelastomers, mainly designed for soft tissue repair. These bioelastomers involve biodegradable polyurethanes, polyphosphazenes, linear and crosslinked poly(ether/ester)s, poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers, poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate) and their copolymers, poly(polyol sebacate)s, poly(diol-citrates) and poly(ester amide)s. The in vitro and in vivo degradation mechanisms and impact factors influencing degradation behaviors are discussed. In addition, the molecular designs, synthesis methods, structure properties, mechanical properties, biocompatibility and potential applications of these bioelastomers were also presented
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