Equity versus Efficiency? - Evidence from Three-Person Generosity Experiments -

In two-person generosity games the proposer's agreement payoff is exogenously given whereas that of the responder is endogenously determined by the proposer's choice of the pie size. Earlier results for two-person generosity games show that participants seem to care more for efficiency than for equity. In three-person generosity games equal agreement payoffs for two of the players are either exogenously excluded or imposed. We predict that the latter crowds out - or at least weakens - efficiency seeking. Our treatments rely on a 2x3 factorial design differing in whether the responder or the third (dummy) player is the residual claimant and whether the proposer's agreement payoff is larger, equal, or smaller than the other exogenously given agreement payoff.generosity game, equity, efficiency, experiment

Nanostructure development in multicomponent polymer systems characterized by synchrotron X-ray scattering

Modern synchrotron beamlines equipped with two-dimensional detectors and high-flux microfocus devices offer interesting possibilities for polymer characterization. This work presents three synchrotron X-ray studies performed in specific multicomponent polymer systems. In the first study, quantification of transcrystallinity in microfibrillar composites (MFC) by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and a direct relation between the mechanical properties of the composites and the thickness of the transcrystalline layers is presented. The second study demonstrates monitoring of nanostructure development under controlled strain in MFC and their precursors by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). A specially developed procedure for data treatment that uses the Chord Distribution Function formalism permitted to prove reversible strain-induced crystallization of matrix material in the MFC materials. In the third study, a 5 5 lm high flux X-ray beam was used to scan in WAXS mode polymer microcapsules (average diameters of 20–50 lm) with polyamide shells in which various solid payloads were incorporated by in-situ polymerization. Exfoliation/intercalation phenomena and local inhomogeneity at micron scale are studied in clay and metal containing polyamide microcapsules that constitute a new platform for the development of polymer hybrids or smart micro devices. It was concluded that relating microscopy and/or mechanical data of various polymer samples to their synchrotron WAXS/SAXS patterns helps to understand the structure–properties relationship in complex polymer systems with controlled composition, morphology and nanostructure.This work was supported by FEDER funds through the COMPETE 2020 Programme and National Funds through Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the project UID/CTM/50025/2013. N. Dencheva is grateful to the FCT for supporting her research by the postdoctoral award SFRH/BPD/45252/2008 and to the n-STeP project with reference NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000039, supported by the Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2). The financial support of PETRA III (MiNaXS beamline) of the German Synchrotron Facility DESY – Hamburg (Project No I-20130095 EC) Germany are also gratefully acknowledged.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Review of top of rail friction modifier tribology

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.The aim of this paper was to review the current state of research for top of rail friction modifiers (TORFM). In the railway industry, friction modifiers is a catch all term for a wide range of products applied for different purposes which has led to confusion. It is hoped that recently published definitions will aid industry to a better understanding of the different products and how they function. The benefits of friction modifiers are well understood with a large body of research supporting the benefits. Comparatively, there is a lot less knowledge of the optimum amount of product to achieve the benefits or how far down the track from an application site the benefit will be seen. Modelling of the products is another area where there is little research, with most of the modelling papers found focussing on dry wheel–rail contact due to the complexity of introducing a third-body layer to a friction force model. Furthermore, only one paper was found which relates how friction modifiers are affected by contaminants or other applied products such as lubricants. With many different products applied to wheels and rail for different purposes, understanding their interaction is key. At the time of this review, there are currently no standards that prescribe how TORFM should behave although the European Committee for Standardisation is currently developing them at the moment. This review has also attempted to appraise the research against a set of criteria. Depending on how many of the criteria the piece of research filled, it was categorised as A, B or C. It was found that most of the research was of category, this was mainly due to only one test method being used or the scale presented. Category A research incorporated modelling or multiple test-scales to support the results presented

Red Cards: Not Such Bad News For Penalized Guest Teams

A popular soccer myth states that teams affected by a sending-off perform better than they would have performed without the penalty. Based on economic theory, we analyze the course of soccer matches using data from the German Bundesliga from 1999 to 2009. The results show that sending-offs affecting home teams have a negative impact on their performance. However, for guest teams the impact of a sending-off on their performance depends on the time remaining after the sending-off. Thus, the "ten do it better" myth seems to hold for guest teams to a certain extent