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Forging Islamic Science Fake miniatures detract from the real work of early-modern Ottoman scientists
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Moral Revolutions: The Politics of Piety in the Ottoman Empire Reimagined
AbstractOver the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries an immense body of morality literature emerged in the Ottoman Empire as part of a widespread turn to piety. This article draws upon the anthropology of Islamic revival and secularism to reassess this literature's importance and propose a new view of the history of political thought in the empire. It does so through a close analysis of a fundamental concept of Ottoman political life: “naṣīḥat, ” or “advice.” Historians have used “advice books” to counter the presumption that the Ottoman Empire declined after the sixteenth century, but in doing so they have overlooked the concept's broader meaning as “morally corrective criticism.” I analyze two competing visions of naṣīḥat at the turn of the eighteenth century to reveal how the concept was deployed to politically transform the empire by reforming its subjects’ morality. One was a campaign by the chief jurist Feyżullah Efendi to educate every Muslim in the basic tenets of Islam. The other was a wildly popular “advice book” written by the poet Nābī to his son that both explicates a new moral code and declares the empire's government and institutions illegitimate. Both transformed politics by requiring that all subjects be responsible moral, and therefore political, actors. The pietistic turn, I argue, turned domestic spaces into political battlegrounds and ultimately created new, individualistic political subjectivities. This, though, requires challenging functionalist conceptions of the relationship between religion and politics and the secularist inclination among historians to relegate morality to the private sphere
Polyelectrolytes Adsorption: Chemical and Electrostatic Interactions
Mean-field theory is used to model polyelectrolyte adsorption and the
possibility of overcompensation of charged surfaces. For charged surfaces that
are also chemically attractive, the overcharging is large in high salt
conditions, amounting to 20-40% of the bare surface charge. However, full
charge inversion is not obtained in thermodynamical equilibrium for physical
values of the parameters. The overcharging increases with addition of salt, but
does not have a simple scaling form with the bare surface charge. Our results
indicate that more evolved explanation is needed in order to understand
polyelectrolyte multilayer built-up. For strong polymer-repulsive surfaces, we
derive simple scaling laws for the polyelectrolyte adsorption and overcharging.
We show that the overcharging scales linearly with the bare surface charge, but
its magnitude is very small in comparison to the surface charge. In contrast
with the attractive surface, here the overcharging is found to decrease
substantially with addition of salt. In the intermediate range of weak
repulsive surfaces, the behavior with addition of salt crosses over from
increasing overcharging (at low ionic strength) to decreasing one (at high
ionic strength). Our results for all types of surfaces are supported by full
numerical solutions of the mean-field equations.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, final version. to be published in PR
Adsorption and Depletion of Polyelectrolytes from Charged Surfaces
Mean-field theory and scaling arguments are presented to model
polyelectrolyte adsorption from semi-dilute solutions onto charged surfaces.
Using numerical solutions of the mean-field equations, we show that adsorption
exists only for highly charged polyelectrolytes in low salt solutions. Simple
scaling laws for the width of the adsorbed layer and the amount of adsorbed
polyelectrolyte are obtained. In other situations the polyelectrolyte chains
will deplete from the surface. For fixed surface potential conditions, the salt
concentration at the adsorption--depletion crossover scales as the product of
the charged fraction of the polyelectrolyte f and the surface potential, while
for a fixed surface charge density, \sigma, it scales as \sigma^{2/3}f^{2/3},
in agreement with single-chain results.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, final version to be published in J. Chem. Phys.
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NXNSAttack: Recursive DNS Inefficiencies and Vulnerabilities
This paper exposes a new vulnerability and introduces a corresponding attack,
the NoneXistent Name Server Attack (NXNSAttack), that disrupts and may paralyze
the DNS system, making it difficult or impossible for Internet users to access
websites, web e-mail, online video chats, or any other online resource. The
NXNSAttack generates a storm of packets between DNS resolvers and DNS
authoritative name servers. The storm is produced by the response of resolvers
to unrestricted referral response messages of authoritative name servers. The
attack is significantly more destructive than NXDomain attacks (e.g., the Mirai
attack): i) It reaches an amplification factor of more than 1620x on the number
of packets exchanged by the recursive resolver. ii) In addition to the negative
cache, the attack also saturates the 'NS' section of the resolver caches. To
mitigate the attack impact, we propose an enhancement to the recursive resolver
algorithm, MaxFetch(k), that prevents unnecessary proactive fetches. We
implemented the MaxFetch(1) mitigation enhancement on a BIND resolver and
tested it on real-world DNS query datasets. Our results show that MaxFetch(1)
degrades neither the recursive resolver throughput nor its latency. Following
the discovery of the attack, a responsible disclosure procedure was carried
out, and several DNS vendors and public providers have issued a CVE and patched
their systems
Political antisemitism in Romania? Hard data and its soft underbelly
Public opinion polling on ethnic minorities has shown from the start that while negative or ambivalent attitudes to Jews in Romania are far from having vanished, they do not affect a spectrum as large as that of anti-Roma attitudes and prejudices. Subsequent surveying carried out in the late 1990s and early 2000s confirmed the earlier findings by studies measuring stereotypical perceptions or social distance. Yet it would be an exaggeration to state that antisemitism is not a factor influencing social attitudes or even the perception of politics by the population. The Romanian surveys available thus far did not measure latent antisemitism and they lack the sophistication inquiring what stands behind "non-committal don't knows" and "no answers". Holocaust-related surveys seem to indicate that only a small minority is interested in this aspect and even among its members information is often partial at best. It is therefore difficult to predict whether "political antisemitism" could emerge in post-communist Romania as it did in neighboring Hungary. The Hungarian and other experiences, however, demonstrate that political antisemitism can become a factor when for reasons other than anti-Jewish attitudes political parties, influential intellectuals and other social entrepreneurs condone and utilize themselves implicit antisemitism of which they are not always aware. The last part of the article illustrates such potentially contributing factors and actors utilizing qualitative rather than quantitative analysis
Bending Moduli of Charged Membranes Immersed in Polyelectrolyte Solutions
We study the contribution of polyelectrolytes in solution to the bending
moduli of charged membranes. Using the Helfrich free energy, and within the
mean-field theory, we calculate the dependence of the bending moduli on the
electrostatics and short-range interactions between the membrane and the
polyelectrolyte chains. The most significant effect is seen for strong
short-range interactions and low amounts of added salt where a substantial
increase in the bending moduli of order is obtained. From short-range
repulsive membranes, the polyelectrolyte contribution to the bending moduli is
small, of order up to at most . For weak short-range
attraction, the increase in membrane rigidity is smaller and of less
significance. It may even become negative for large enough amounts of added
salt. Our numerical results are obtained by solving the adsorption problem in
spherical and cylindrical geometries. In some cases the bending moduli are
shown to follow simple scaling laws.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure
Phase Behavior of Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complexes at Planar Surfaces
We investigate theoretically the phase diagram of an insoluble charged
surfactant monolayer in contact with a semi-dilute polyelectrolyte solution (of
opposite charge). The polyelectrolytes are assumed to have long-range and
attractive (electrostatic) interaction with the surfactant molecules. In
addition, we introduce a short-range (chemical) interaction which is either
attractive or repulsive. The surfactant monolayer can have a lateral phase
separation between dilute and condensed phases. Three different regimes of the
coupled system are investigated depending on system parameters. A regime where
the polyelectrolyte is depleted due to short range repulsion from the surface,
and two adsorption regimes, one being dominated by electrostatics, whereas the
other by short range chemical attraction (similar to neutral polymers). When
the polyelectrolyte is more attracted (or at least less repelled) by the
surfactant molecules as compared with the bare water/air interface, it will
shift upwards the surfactant critical temperature. For repulsive short-range
interactions the effect is opposite. Finally, the addition of salt to the
solution is found to increase the critical temperature for attractive surfaces,
but does not show any significant effect for repulsive surfaces.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figure
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