835 research outputs found

    Validation d'un rappel de 24 heures web dans une population de femmes enceintes

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    La grossesse est depuis longtemps reconnue comme Ă©tant dĂ©terminante de la santĂ© future de la mĂšre et de l’enfant. Durant cette pĂ©riode, la qualitĂ© de l’alimentation de la mĂšre peut jouer un rĂŽle important dans le dĂ©roulement de la grossesse. D’ailleurs, durant cette pĂ©riode, des apports alimentaires jugĂ©s inadĂ©quats ont souvent Ă©tĂ© associĂ©s Ă  un risque Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©velopper certaines complications, telles que le diabĂšte gestationnel. L’étude des associations existant entre l’alimentation et des variables de la santĂ© peut cependant ĂȘtre affectĂ©e par une Ă©valuation imprĂ©cise des apports alimentaires rĂ©els des femmes enceintes. Le rappel de 24 heures administrĂ© Ă  de multiples reprises a le potentiel d’évaluer de façon prĂ©cise l’alimentation des femmes enceintes, mais sa version traditionnelle est souvent critiquĂ©e en raison du temps qu’elle nĂ©cessite ainsi que des nombreux biais induits par la prĂ©sence d’un interviewer. Pour pallier ce problĂšme, de nouvelles mĂ©thodes d'Ă©valuation alimentaire standardisĂ©es et complĂštement automatisĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es. Ces derniĂšres se sont avĂ©rĂ©es valides dans la population gĂ©nĂ©rale, cependant, la prĂ©cision de ces outils n’a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e que trĂšs rarement auprĂšs des femmes enceintes. Le prĂ©sent mĂ©moire Ă©value la validitĂ© du R24W, un outil Web de rappel de 24 heures, au sein d’une population de femmes enceintes. Éventuellement, cette validation permettra l’utilisation de cet outil dans le cadre d’études Ă©pidĂ©miologiques durant la grossesse ainsi que dans la prise en charge nutritionnelle des femmes enceintes.Pregnancy has long been recognized as a determinant of the mother’s and infant’s future health. Among other factors, the mother's diet is known to have a great impact on many pregnancy-related outcomes. In fact, inadequate dietary intakes have often been associated with a high risk of developing adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as gestational diabetes. The evaluation of potential associations between diet and health variables may, however, be affected by an imprecise assessment of pregnant women’s actual dietary intakes. Multiple administrations of a 24-hour dietary recall have the potential to accurately assess the diet of pregnant women, but its traditional version is often criticized for the time it requires and the many biases induced by the presence of an interviewer. To overcome this problem, new standardized and fully automated food assessment methods have been developed. These were recognised as valid in the general population, however, their precision during pregnancy has not yet been fully assessed. This thesis assesses the validity of the R24W, a Web-based 24- hour dietary recall, among pregnant women. Eventually, this validation will allow to use this dietary assessment tool in future epidemiological studies as well as for the nutritional management of pregnant women in a clinical context

    Les traits de personnalité psychopathiques infra-cliniques chez des couples marés ou cohabitant

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    La présente thÚse vise à évaluer l'implication des traits de personnalité psychopathiques infra-cliniques chez des couples mariés ou cohabitant. Pour ce faire, deux études empiriques ont été effectuées. L'objectif principal de la premiÚre étude était d'évaluer la nature et la direction des relations longitudinales entre la psychopathie générale, primaire et secondaire évaluée chez les hommes et la détresse conjugale chez les hommes et les femmes sur une période de 12 mois à l'aide d'un échantillon constitué de 152 couples provenant de la population générale. Les résultats des analyses acheminatoires montrent que la présence d'insatisfaction conjugale chez l'homme engendre une augmentation des traits psychopathiques primaires. Il existe également une relation bidirectionnelle entre les traits psychopathiques globaux et secondaires chez les hommes et leur satisfaction conjugale. Enfin, la détresse conjugale des conjointes permet également de prédire une exacerbation des traits psychopathiques secondaires chez leur partenaire. La seconde étude propose de documenter la prévalence des traits de personnalité psychopathiques infra-cliniques chez un échantillon représentatif de 140 jeunes couples provenant de la population générale. L'évaluation des traits psychopathiques infracliniques s'est effectuée autant chez les hommes que chez les femmes. Un second objectif était de déterminer la contribution des traits psychopathiques auto-rapportés et ceux rapportés par les partenaires sur les variables de satisfaction conjugale, d'agression psychologique, de névrosisme et de détresse psychologique évaluées chez les individus de l'échantillon. Les résultats montrent, autant chez les femmes que chez les hommes, la présence de traits psychopathiques de la personnalité élevés à modérés chez une proportion significative de l'échantillon. De plus, les traits psychopathiques semblent reliés à plusieurs variables tant relationnelles que personnelles mais lorsqu'ils sont rapportés par les hommes, ils engendrent des conséquences particuliÚrement néfastes sur la satisfaction conjugale des conjointes

    Caractérisation quantitative et qualitative des apports alimentaires en contexte prénatal

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    L'alimentation en contexte prĂ©natal peut, en induisant des variations dans l'environnement in utero, influencer le dĂ©veloppement et la santĂ© de l'enfant Ă  naĂźtre. Des apports nutritionnels inadĂ©quats et une qualitĂ© alimentaire sous-optimale peuvent Ă©galement constituer un risque pour la santĂ© de la femme enceinte. Cette derniĂšre doit faire face Ă  de nombreux changements et adaptations physiques, hormonaux et psychologiques qui bouleversent sa vie et influencent ses choix alimentaires. Ces changements, et la façon dont les femmes y rĂ©agissent, peuvent compliquer l'Ă©tude des associations entre l'alimentation et les variables de la santĂ© maternelle. D'ailleurs, la caractĂ©risation des habitudes alimentaires des femmes enceintes est souvent effectuĂ©e de façon incomplĂšte, c'est-Ă -dire que seuls les apports en nutriments ou aliments spĂ©cifiques sont mesurĂ©s, sans tenir compte des facteurs qui les influencent. La prĂ©sente thĂšse examine donc de façon prospective les apports et la qualitĂ© alimentaires d'un Ă©chantillon de femmes enceintes quĂ©bĂ©coises, en comparaison avec les recommandations et en association avec des variables sociodĂ©mographiques, physiologiques et comportementales. Les rĂ©sultats gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s par cette thĂšse suggĂšrent que les habitudes alimentaires des femmes enceintes quĂ©bĂ©coises ne sont pas optimales, tant au niveau nutritionnel que sur le plan de la qualitĂ© alimentaire globale. De nombreuses variables physiologiques, sociodĂ©mographiques et comportementales semblent Ă©galement influencer l'alimentation durant la grossesse. Celles-ci devraient ĂȘtre pris en considĂ©ration dans le dĂ©veloppement d'interventions nutritionnelles et l'Ă©laboration de messages de promotion des saines habitudes alimentaires auprĂšs des femmes enceintes.Prenatal nutrition can, by inducing variations in the in utero environment, influence the health and development of the unborn child. Inadequate nutritional intakes and suboptimal dietary quality can also pose a risk to the pregnant woman's health. The latter must cope with numerous physical, hormonal and psychological changes and adaptations that can turn her life upside down as well as influence her food choices. These changes, and the way women respond to them, can complexify the study of the associations between diet and maternal health outcomes. Moreover, the characterization of pregnant women's eating habits is often done incompletely, i.e. only intakes of specific nutrients or foods are measured, without taking into account the influencing factors. This thesis therefore examines dietary intakes and quality in a sample of pregnant women from QuĂ©bec, in comparison with the recommendations and in association with sociodemographic, physiological and behavioral variables. The results generated by this thesis suggest that the eating habits of pregnant women from QuĂ©bec are not optimal, both nutritionally and in terms of overall diet quality. Many physiological, sociodemographic and behavioral variables also seem to influence diet during pregnancy. These variables should be taken into consideration in the planning of nutritional interventions and the development of messages aimed to promote healthy eating habits among pregnant women

    Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

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    A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

    Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

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    A search is presented for new particles produced at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, using events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1), collected in 2017-2018 with the CMS detector. Machine learning techniques are used to define separate categories for events with narrow jets from initial-state radiation and events with large-radius jets consistent with a hadronic decay of a W or Z boson. A statistical combination is made with an earlier search based on a data sample of 36 fb(-1), collected in 2016. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the standard model background expectation determined from control samples in data. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the branching fraction of an invisible decay of the Higgs boson, as well as constraints on simplified models of dark matter, on first-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to quarks and neutrinos, and on models with large extra dimensions. Several of the new limits, specifically for spin-1 dark matter mediators, pseudoscalar mediators, colored mediators, and leptoquarks, are the most restrictive to date.Peer reviewe

    Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

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    A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on themodel, the combined result excludes a top squarkmass up to 1325 GeV for amassless neutralino, and a neutralinomass up to 700 GeV for a top squarkmass of 1150 GeV. Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295 GeV, for neutralino masses from 0 to 100 GeV, with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30 GeV around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS data. The results of theses searches are also interpreted in an alternative signal model of dark matter production via a spin-0 mediator in association with a top quark pair. Upper limits are set on the cross section for mediator particle masses of up to 420 GeV

    Probing effective field theory operators in the associated production of top quarks with a Z boson in multilepton final states at root s=13 TeV

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    Observation of tW production in the single-lepton channel in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV

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    A measurement of the cross section of the associated production of a single top quark and a W boson in final states with a muon or electron and jets in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36 fb(-1) collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016. A boosted decision tree is used to separate the tW signal from the dominant t (t) over bar background, whilst the subleading W+jets and multijet backgrounds are constrained using data-based estimates. This result is the first observation of the tW process in final states containing a muon or electron and jets, with a significance exceeding 5 standard deviations. The cross section is determined to be 89 +/- 4 (stat) +/- 12 (syst) pb, consistent with the standard model.Peer reviewe

    Measurements of the Electroweak Diboson Production Cross Sections in Proton-Proton Collisions at root s=5.02 TeV Using Leptonic Decays

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    The first measurements of diboson production cross sections in proton-proton interactions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV are reported. They are based on data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 302 pb(-1). Events with two, three, or four charged light leptons (electrons or muons) in the final state are analyzed. The WW, WZ, and ZZ total cross sections are measured as sigma(WW) = 37:0(-5.2)(+5.5) (stat)(-2.6)(+2.7) (syst) pb, sigma(WZ) = 6.4(-2.1)(+2.5) (stat)(-0.3)(+0.5)(syst) pb, and sigma(ZZ) = 5.3(-2.1)(+2.5)(stat)(-0.4)(+0.5) (syst) pb. All measurements are in good agreement with theoretical calculations at combined next-to-next-to-leading order quantum chromodynamics and next-to-leading order electroweak accuracy

    Search for lepton-flavor violating decays of the Higgs boson in the mu tau and e tau final states in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

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    A search is presented for lepton-flavor violating decays of the Higgs boson to mu t and et. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No significant excess has been found, and the results are interpreted in terms of upper limits on lepton-flavor violating branching fractions of the Higgs boson. The observed (expected) upper limits on the branching fractions are, respectively, B(H -> mu t) e tau) < 0.22(0.16)% at 95% confidence level.Peer reviewe
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