Avoiding pitfalls in antibiotic therapy: the antibiotic stewardship approach

The aim of this reflection is to determine the effectiveness and safety of ABS interventions. A strong correlation between antibiotic overuse and the growing worldwide resistance, but also with individual side effects is well established and should open the door to a more personalized approach to anti-infective therapies. Antibiotic resistance is a global public health challenge and is recognized as a global threat to human health by national healthcare agencies, governments, medical societies and the World Health Organization (WHO). The anticipated clinical scenario of Pan- Drug – Resistant (PDR) bacteria is accelerated by antibiotic overuse. In fact, multi- drug – resistance (MDR) is already the cause of severe infections, complications, longer hospital stay and increased mortality in most of the countries. Herein, the techniques of an Antibiotic Stewardship Approach and their stepwise implementation are summarized and highlighted. There is often a general lack of understanding on how to choose the right antibiotic at the right time and in the right dose. This article discusses general principles like the best choice and use of different antibiotic classes, a better use of beta- lactams according to principles of pharmacokinetics, avoidance or limitation of unnecessary combination therapies, shorter courses of therapy without any disadvantage in infection control and the value of PCT monitoring. We hope to contribute to the promotion and implementation of these important therapeutical principles, aiming at the reduction of unnecessary or wrong antibiotic therapies and, so, at the decrease of side effects, mortality and further resistance.

Protecting A Hidden Treasure: The U.N International Law Commission and the International Law of Transboundary Ground Water Resources

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a disease caused by the Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV), which is member of the Bunyaviridae family, Phlebovirus genus. RVF a viral zoonosis that primarily affects animals but can also infect humans. This one affects mainly domestic ruminants, causing large epizootics, with high rates of lethality in young animals and abortions in infected females. The virus was first identified in 1931 during an investigation into an epidemic among sheep on a farm in the Rift Valley of Kenya

Cuidados de enfermagem que mudam comportamentos alimentares em adolescentes, etapa inicial da anorexia

Introduction: Anorexia nervosa is a disorder of eating behavior that affects the individual physiologically and psychologically. The nursing professional with his multidisciplinary team must promote, prevent and rehabilitate in order to modify these behaviors and reduce their progression. Methodology: Integrative review of the literature. Keywords used Nursing Care, Youth, Anorexia, Food Behavior, Multimodal Treatment and Coping Skills. Articles in Spanish, English and Portuguese of any nationality and methodological design published between 2014 and 2019 indexed in the ClinicalKey, SCIelo and CINAHL Nursing databases and Google academic metasearch engines were included. They were filtered by reading the title, summary and full text, were classified according to the level of evidence and grade of recommendation; Finally, critical reading was carried out using the Amstar, Consort and Strobe scales. Results: 34 articles were included and three themes were constructed: Nursing strategies that modify eating behavior, Factors that influence the change in eating behavior and Nursing strategies impact. Conclusion: Nursing interventions are essential for the recovery of adolescents in the initial stage of anorexia since they reduce the progression of the disease and favor the expression of feelings. Keywords: Anorexia, nursing care, young people, Feeding Behavior.  Introducción: La anorexia nerviosa es un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria que afecta al individuo fisiológica y psicológicamente. El profesional de enfermería y equipo multidisciplinar debe promocionar, prevenir y rehabilitar para modificar estas conductas y reducir su progresión. Metodología: Revisión integrativa de la literatura. Palabras clave utilizadas Atención de Enfermería, Jóvenes, Anorexia, Conducta alimentaria trastorno de la Ingesta Alimentaria Evitativa/Restrictiva, Tratamiento multimodal y Habilidades de afrontamiento. Se incluyeron artículos en español, inglés y portugués de cualquier nacionalidad y diseño metodológico publicados entre 2014 y 2019 indexados en bases de datos ClinicalKey, Scielo, CINAHL y metabuscador Google académico. Se filtraron por lectura de título, resumen y texto completo, se clasificaron según el nivel de evidencia y grado de recomendación; finalmente se ejecutó lectura crítica mediante las escalas Amstar, Consort y Strobe.. Resultados: Se incluyeron 34 artículos y se construyeron cuatro temáticas: cuidados de enfermería que modifican la conducta alimentaria, factores que influyen en el cambio de la conducta alimentaria, impacto de los cuidados de enfermería y consecuencias de la no aplicación de los cuidados de enfermería. Conclusión: Las intervenciones de enfermería son fundamentales para la recuperación de los adolescentes en etapa inicial de anorexia ya que reducen la progresión de la enfermedad y favorece la expresión de sentimientos.Introdução: A anorexia nervosa é um transtorno do comportamento alimentar que afeta ao sujeito fisiologica e psicologicamente. O profissional de enfermagem junto com a equipe multiprofissional deve promover, prever e reabilitar para mudar essas condutas e reduzir o progresso. Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura. Palavras-chave empregadas: cuidados de enfermagem, adolescente, anorexia, comportamento alimentar, transtorno da evitação ou restrição da ingestão de alimentos, terapia combinada, adaptação psicológica. Incluíram-se artigos publicados em espanhol, inglês e português com qualquer nacionalidade ou metodologia. Foram selecionadas as publicações entre 2014-2019 disponíveis na ClinicalKey, Scielo, CINAHL e no Google Scholar. Foram filtrados pela leitura do título, o resumo e o texto completo; classificaram-se segundo o nível de evidência e o grau de recomendação. Finalmente, efetivou-se uma leitura crítica empregando as escalas Amstar, Consort e Strobe. Resultados: Incluíram-se 34 artigos e construíram-se quatro temas: cuidados de enfermagem que mudam os comportamentos alimentares; fatores que influenciam a mudança de comportamento alimentar; impacto nos cuidados de enfermagem; e, consequências da ausência de cuidados de enfermagem. Conclusão: As intervenções de enfermagem são fundamentais para a recuperação dos adolescentes na etapa inicial da anorexia, devido à redução do progresso do transtorno, além de favorecer a expressão dos seus sentimentos

Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia:Current Management Options, Burden and Unmet Needs

Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa) is caused by defective glucose-6-phosphatase, a key enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Affected individuals cannot release glucose during fasting and accumulate excess glycogen and fat in the liver and kidney, putting them at risk of severe hypoglycaemia and secondary metabolic perturbations. Good glycaemic/metabolic control through strict dietary treatment and regular doses of uncooked cornstarch (UCCS) is essential for preventing hypoglycaemia and long-term complications. Dietary treatment has improved the prognosis for patients with GSDIa; however, the disease itself, its management and monitoring have significant physical, psychological and psychosocial burden on individuals and parents/caregivers. Hypoglycaemia risk persists if a single dose of UCCS is delayed/missed or in cases of gastrointestinal intolerance. UCCS therapy is imprecise, does not treat the cause of disease, may trigger secondary metabolic manifestations and may not prevent long-term complications. We review the importance of and challenges associated with achieving good glycaemic/metabolic control in individuals with GSDIa and how this should be balanced with age-specific psychosocial development towards independence, management of anxiety and preservation of quality of life (QoL). The unmet need for treatment strategies that address the cause of disease, restore glucose homeostasis, reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia/secondary metabolic perturbations and improve QoL is also discussed.</p

Procesos de aplicación conceptual y práctico de la normatividad tributaria en contextos investigativos procedimentales tributarios para el fortalecimiento de las competencias disciplinares y profesionales

La presente investigación planteó como objetivo realizar las memorias con las temáticas investigativas que se desarrollaron en el Seminario de Investigación Aplicada, con el fin de actualizar en los participantes y fortalecer sus conocimientos específicos en materia tributaria con base en los temas investigativos dispuestos y orientados por cada docente desde su inicio, elaboración, construcción y presentación ante los docentes evaluadores. Los trabajos cumplen su fin primordial con es fortalecer con los desarrollos temático de cada módulo visto en el SIA sus capacidades y competencias profesionales especialmente en el contexto tributario, en cumplimiento al requerimiento para otorgar al título de Especialistas en Gerencia Tributaria. Luego las memorias compiladas son el resultado de los trabajos presentados y evaluados oportunamente por cada docente comprometido con la calidad en cuanto a las temáticas investigativas, calidad de los contenidos, talleres teóricos prácticos, elementos metodológicos y de más lineamentos institucionales y del programa. La importancia de las memorias radica en su contenido el cual desglosa definiciones, conceptos, desarrollos teóricos prácticos, constituyéndose en un ejemplar de consulta investigativa en áreas de conocimiento fiscal y tributario en el marco de la Ley 1819 de 2016 y sus decretos reglamentarios, en síntesis al interior encontraremos fundamentos teóricos prácticos, procedimentales y resolutivos de casos especiales de Gravamen a los Movimientos Financieros, Monotributo, Renta Personas Naturales, Renta Personas Jurídicas, Procedimiento Tributario, Impuestos Distritales, Normas internacionales de Información Financiera Pymes, entre otros temas

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Colombian consensus recommendations for diagnosis, management and treatment of the infection by SARS-COV-2/ COVID-19 in health care facilities - Recommendations from expert´s group based and informed on evidence

La Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN) y el Instituto de Evaluación de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Salud (IETS) conformó un grupo de trabajo para desarrollar recomendaciones informadas y basadas en evidencia, por consenso de expertos para la atención, diagnóstico y manejo de casos de Covid 19. Estas guías son dirigidas al personal de salud y buscar dar recomendaciones en los ámbitos de la atención en salud de los casos de Covid-19, en el contexto nacional de Colombia

CARB-ES-19 Multicenter Study of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli From All Spanish Provinces Reveals Interregional Spread of High-Risk Clones Such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

ObjectivesCARB-ES-19 is a comprehensive, multicenter, nationwide study integrating whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CP-Kpn) and E. coli (CP-Eco) to determine their incidence, geographical distribution, phylogeny, and resistance mechanisms in Spain.MethodsIn total, 71 hospitals, representing all 50 Spanish provinces, collected the first 10 isolates per hospital (February to May 2019); CPE isolates were first identified according to EUCAST (meropenem MIC &gt; 0.12 mg/L with immunochromatography, colorimetric tests, carbapenem inactivation, or carbapenem hydrolysis with MALDI-TOF). Prevalence and incidence were calculated according to population denominators. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution method (EUCAST). All 403 isolates collected were sequenced for high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and resistome analysis.ResultsIn total, 377 (93.5%) CP-Kpn and 26 (6.5%) CP-Eco isolates were collected from 62 (87.3%) hospitals in 46 (92%) provinces. CP-Kpn was more prevalent in the blood (5.8%, 50/853) than in the urine (1.4%, 201/14,464). The cumulative incidence for both CP-Kpn and CP-Eco was 0.05 per 100 admitted patients. The main carbapenemase genes identified in CP-Kpn were blaOXA–48 (263/377), blaKPC–3 (62/377), blaVIM–1 (28/377), and blaNDM–1 (12/377). All isolates were susceptible to at least two antibiotics. Interregional dissemination of eight high-risk CP-Kpn clones was detected, mainly ST307/OXA-48 (16.4%), ST11/OXA-48 (16.4%), and ST512-ST258/KPC (13.8%). ST512/KPC and ST15/OXA-48 were the most frequent bacteremia-causative clones. The average number of acquired resistance genes was higher in CP-Kpn (7.9) than in CP-Eco (5.5).ConclusionThis study serves as a first step toward WGS integration in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Spain. We detected important epidemiological changes, including increased CP-Kpn and CP-Eco prevalence and incidence compared to previous studies, wide interregional dissemination, and increased dissemination of high-risk clones, such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3