Measuring social exclusion: social networks and long-time unemployed in Spain

Las diferentes investigaciones sobre la medición de la desigualdad y la pobreza que se han venido desarrollando desde hace ya bastante tiempo, ofrecen al investigador social una serie de herramientas para sus trabajos empíricos. Investigaciones y diseños como los de Sen o los del Banco Mundial o los del PNUD son ejemplos claros de lo anterior. Sin embargo, investigaciones metodológicas sobre la exclusión social son más difíciles de encontrar y más complicadas a la hora de ser planteadas. Los trabajos de Room y en el ámbito de la UE son paradigmáticos. En esta comunicación se plantean dos alternativas a la hora de trabajar de forma empírica con la exclusión social: el análisis estadístico de los parados de larga duración y el análisis de redes sociales. Se presenta una visión sintética sobre cada una de estas aproximaciones y se reflexiona sobre las limitaciones y potencialidades. Concluimos con una serie de elementos generales para el estudio integrado de la exclusión social.Different investigations on the measurement of inequality and poverty, that have been coming developing for alread y enough a long time, offer to the social researchers a series of tools for their empirical works. Amartya Sen’s investigations and designs are clear examples of the previous thing, as well as the World Bank an UNDP works. However, methodological investigations on social exclusion are more difficult to find and more complicated at the time of being raised. Graham Room’s works of in the scope of the UE are important. In this work two alternatives are considered to study social exclusion: the statistical analysis of the long-time unemployed and the analysis of social networks. We introduce a synthetic vision on each one of these approaches and we explain their limitations and potentialities. We concluded with a list of general elements for the integrated study of the social exclusion

La implementación de TIC en temas ambientales en la formación de profesores de enseñanza primaria

Uno de los desafíos actuales de la formación docente es la incorporación de un lenguaje nuevo que aparece de la mano de las nuevas tecnologías. Esta comunicación presenta una investigación que da cuenta de la implementación de las TIC en la formación docente, a través del uso de la plataforma educativa y del diseño de un blog para difundir el trabajo realizado por alumnos de la Cátedra de Didáctica de las Ciencias Naturales. La implementación de las TIC y el enfoque CTSA, surgen como una alternativa diferente, mediante la cual el proceso de enseñanza –aprendizaje de las ciencias se concibe como una estrategia enriquecedora en la que se tienen en cuenta diversas variables que contribuyen a motivar a los estudiantes para la reconstrucción de su conocimiento

Per al mesurament de la desigualtat, pobresa i exclusió. Limitacions, propostes tècniques i alternatives

Des d’un punt de vista empíric, el mesurament de la desigualtat és una qüestió bastant desenvolupada. Des dels treballs clàssics de Sen en la dècada dels setanta, fins als treballs actuals realitzats per l’equip d’investigadors del Luxemburg Income Study (LIS), s’ha produït una sistematització dels instruments i les tècniques d’investigació al voltant de la desigualtat. Una cosa semblant passa amb la pobresa (el treball del Programa de Nacions Unides per al Desenvolupament en aquesta direcció —Índex de Pobresa Humana 1, Índex de Pobresa Humana 2—), però sense una conceptualització tan clara o, almenys, no exempta de polèmiques. Pel que fa a l’exclusió social, els investigadors encara no hem aconseguit un corpus teòric ni sobre la seua definició ni sobre el seu mesurament. Hi ha intents, però estem lluny d’aconseguir fer una cosa pareguda als altres estudis de desigualtat i pobresa. En aquest paper, s’ofereix una visió sintètica de les diferents conceptualitzacions pel que fa als tres termes enunciats: desigualtat, pobresa i exclusió. Al mateix temps es mostren els diferents mesuraments possibles (indicadors, tècniques, instruments) per a concloure amb una sèrie de propostes metodològiques i tècniques per a una reconceptualització oberta i plural.Desde un punto de vista empírico, la medición de la desigualdad es una cuestión bastante desarrollada. Desde los trabajos clásicos de Sen en la década de los setenta, hasta los trabajos actuales realizados por el equipo de investigadores del Luxemburg Income Study, se ha producido una sistematización de los instrumentos y las técnicas de investigación con respecto a la desigualdad. Algo parecido sucede con la pobreza (el trabajo del Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo en esa dirección —Índice de Pobreza Humana 1, Índice de Pobreza Humana 2—), aunque sin una conceptualización tan clara o, al menos, no exenta de polémicas. Con respecto a la exclusión social, los investigadores aún no hemos conseguido un corpus teórico ni sobre su definición ni sobre su medición. Hay intentos, pero estamos lejos de lograr algo similar a lo ocurrido con la desigualdad. En este papel, se ofrece una visión sintética de las diferentes conceptualizaciones de los tres términos enunciados: desigualdad, pobreza y exclusión, mostrando a su vez las diferentes mediciones posibles (indicadores, técnicas, instrumentos), para concluir con una serie de propuestas metodológicas y técnicas para la medición que abogan por una reconceptualización abierta y plural

Single-step, acid-based fabrication of homogeneous gelatin-polycaprolactone fibrillar scaffolds intended for skin tissue engineering

Blends of natural and synthetic polymers have recently attracted great attention as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications due to their favorable biological and mechanical properties. Nevertheless, phase-separation of blend components is an important challenge facing the development of electrospun homogeneous fibrillar natural-synthetic polymers scaffolds; phase-separation can produce significant detrimental effects for scaffolds fabricated by electrospinning. In the present study, blends of gelatin (Gel; natural polymer) and polycaprolactone (PCL; synthetic polymer), containing 30 and 45 wt.% Gel, were prepared using acetic acid as a "green" sole solvent to straightforwardly produce appropriate single-step Gel-PCL solutions for electrospinning. Miscibility of Gel and PCL in the scaffolds was assessed and the morphology, chemical composition and structural and solid-state properties of the scaffolds were thoroughly investigated. Results showed that the two polymers proved miscible under the single-step solution process used and that the electrospun scaffolds presented suitable properties for potential skin tissue engineering applications. Viability, metabolic activity and protein expression of human fibroblasts cultured on the Gel-PCL scaffolds were evaluated using LIVE/DEAD (calcein/ethidium homodimer), MTT-Formazan and immunocytochemistry assays, respectively. In vitro results showed that the electrospun Gel-PCL scaffolds enhanced cell viability and proliferation in comparison to PCL scaffolds. Furthermore, scaffolds allowed fibroblasts expression of extracellular matrix proteins, tropoelastin and collagen Type I, in a similar way to positive controls. Results indicated the feasibility of the single-step solution process used herein to obtain homogeneous electrospun Gel-PCL scaffolds with Gel content ≥ 30 wt.% and potential properties to be used as scaffolds for skin tissue engineering applications for wound healing

Augmented Reticular Thalamic Bursting and Seizures in Scn1a-Dravet Syndrome

Loss of function in the Scn1a gene leads to a severe epileptic encephalopathy called Dravet syndrome (DS). Reduced excitability in cortical inhibitory neurons is thought to be the major cause of DS seizures. Here, in contrast, we show enhanced excitability in thalamic inhibitory neurons that promotes the non-convulsive seizures that are a prominent yet poorly understood feature of DS. In a mouse model of DS with a loss of function in Scn1a, reticular thalamic cells exhibited abnormally long bursts of firing caused by the downregulation of calcium-activated potassium SK channels. Our study supports a mechanism in which loss of SK activity causes the reticular thalamic neurons to become hyperexcitable and promote non-convulsive seizures in DS. We propose that reduced excitability of inhibitory neurons is not global in DS and that non-GABAergic mechanisms such as SK channels may be important targets for treatment

Follow-up with Telemedicine in Early Discharge for COPD Exacerbations: Randomized Clinical Trial (TELEMEDCOPD-Trial)

The results reported by different studies on telemonitoring in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been contradictory, without showing clear benefits to date. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether an early discharge and home hospitalization telehealth program for patients with COPD exacerbation is as effective as and more efficient than a traditional early discharge and home hospitalization program. A prospective experimental non-inferiority study, randomized into two groups (telemedicine/control) was conducted. The telemedicine group underwent monitoring and was required to transmit data on vital constants and ECGs twice per day, with a subsequent telephone call and 2 home visits by healthcare staff (intermediate and at discharge). The control group received daily visits. The main variable was time until first exacerbation. The secondary variables were: number of exacerbations; use of healthcare resources; satisfaction; quality of life; anxiety-depression; and therapeutic adherence, measured at one and 6 months of hospital discharge. A total of 116 patients were randomized (58 to each group) without significant differences in baseline characteristics or time until first exacerbation, i.e. median 48 days (pp. 25-75:23-120) in the control group, and 47 days (pp. 25-75:19-102) in the intervention group; p = 0.52). A significant decrease in the number of visits was observed in the intervention versus the control group, 3.8 ± 1 vs 5.1 ± 2(p = 0.001), without significant differences in the number of exacerbations. In conclusion follow-up via a telemedicine program in early discharge after hospitalization is as effective as conventional home follow up, being the cost of either strategy not significantly different.This study was awarded a Health Research Fund (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias/FIS) grant, dossier No. PI12/01161 of the Carlos III Institute of Health and the Ministry of Sciences, Innovation and Universities.S

Living biointerfaces based on non-pathogenic bacteria to direct cell differentiation

Genetically modified Lactococcus lactis, non-pathogenic bacteria expressing the FNIII7-10 fibronectin fragment as a protein membrane have been used to create a living biointerface between synthetic materials and mammalian cells. This FNIII7-10 fragment comprises the RGD and PHSRN sequences of fibronectin to bind α5β1 integrins and triggers signalling for cell adhesion, spreading and differentiation. We used L. lactis strain to colonize material surfaces and produce stable biofilms presenting the FNIII7-10 fragment readily available to cells. Biofilm density is easily tunable and remains stable for several days. Murine C2C12 myoblasts seeded over mature biofilms undergo bipolar alignment and form differentiated myotubes, a process triggered by the FNIII7-10 fragment. This biointerface based on living bacteria can be further modified to express any desired biochemical signal, establishing a new paradigm in biomaterial surface functionalisation for biomedical applications

Stabilization of O-O Bonds by d(0) Cations in Li4+xNi1-xWO6 (0 <= x <= 0.25) Rock Salt Oxides as the Origin of Large Voltage Hysteresis

Multinary lithium oxides with the rock salt structure are of technological importance as cathode materials in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Current state-of-the-art cathodes such as LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 rely on redox cycling of earth-abundant transition-metal cations to provide charge capacity. Recently, the possibility of using the oxide anion as a redox center in Li-rich rock salt oxides has been established as a new paradigm in the design of cathode materials with enhanced capacities (>200 mAh/g). To increase the lithium content and access electrons from oxygen-derived states, these materials typically require transition metals in high oxidation states, which can be easily achieved using d0 cations. However, Li-rich rock salt oxides with high valent d0 cations such as Nb5+ and Mo6+ show strikingly high voltage hysteresis between charge and discharge, the origin of which is uninvestigated. In this work, we study a series of Li-rich compounds, Li4+xNi1–xWO6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) adopting two new and distinct cation-ordered variants of the rock salt structure. The Li4.15Ni0.85WO6 (x = 0.15) phase has a large reversible capacity of 200 mAh/g, without accessing the Ni3+/Ni4+ redox couple, implying that more than two-thirds of the capacity is due to anionic redox, with good cyclability. The presence of the 5d0 W6+ cation affords extensive (>2 V) voltage hysteresis associated with the anionic redox. We present experimental evidence for the formation of strongly stabilized localized O–O single bonds that explain the energy penalty required to reduce the material upon discharge. The high valent d0 cation associates localized anion–anion bonding with the anion redox capacity

Soil and water bioengineering: practice and research needs for reconciling natural hazard control and ecological restoration

Soil and water bioengineering is a technology that encourages scientists and practitioners to combine their knowledge and skills in the management of ecosystems with a common goal to maximize benefits to both man and the natural environment. It involves techniques that use plants as living building materials, for: (i) natural hazard control (e.g., soil erosion, torrential floods and landslides) and (ii) ecological restoration or nature-based re-introduction of species on degraded lands, river embankments, and disturbed environments. For a bioengineering project to be successful, engineers are required to highlight all the potential benefits and ecosystem services by documenting the technical, ecological, economic and social values. The novel approaches used by bioengineers raise questions for researchers and necessitate innovation from practitioners to design bioengineering concepts and techniques. Our objective in this paper, therefore, is to highlight the practice and research needs in soil and water bioengineering for reconciling natural hazard control and ecological restoration. Firstly, we review the definition and development of bioengineering technology, while stressing issues concerning the design, implementation, and monitoring of bioengineering actions. Secondly, we highlight the need to reconcile natural hazard control and ecological restoration by posing novel practice and research questions

Measurement of the cross-section and charge asymmetry of WW bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at s=8\sqrt{s}=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents measurements of the $W^+ \rightarrow \mu^+\nu$ and $W^- \rightarrow \mu^-\nu$ cross-sections and the associated charge asymmetry as a function of the absolute pseudorapidity of the decay muon. The data were collected in proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 20.2~\mbox{fb^{-1}}. The precision of the cross-section measurements varies between 0.8% to 1.5% as a function of the pseudorapidity, excluding the 1.9% uncertainty on the integrated luminosity. The charge asymmetry is measured with an uncertainty between 0.002 and 0.003. The results are compared with predictions based on next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations with various parton distribution functions and have the sensitivity to discriminate between them.Comment: 38 pages in total, author list starting page 22, 5 figures, 4 tables, submitted to EPJC. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2017-13