Inclusión social y económica de los recicladores en la gestión integrada de los residuos sólidos urbanos : anexo 8

Anexo 8 del informe final: Inclusión social y económica de los recicladores en la gestión integrada de los residuos sólidos urbanosResumen en inglés incluidoPese a que los recicladores y su trabajo son una realidad en todas las ciudades de Latinoamérica, los sistemas municipales de manejo de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos no los consideran, por el contrario, los excluyen y concentran todas las actividades en la empresa operadora, privándoles de su única fuente de ingresos, profundizando su marginalidad social y económica y generando frecuentes conflictos socio ambientales. Se planteó incorporar a vecinos y recicladores al sistema municipal; mejorar los servicios ambientales y económicos que realizan los recicladores, integrarlos socialmente, incrementar sus ingresos e incorporarlos a las cadenas productivas de materiales reciclables. Se implementó este sistema en dos barrios (Bella Vista: 285 viviendas y 1140 personas y San Luis: 295 viviendas unifamiliares 1044 personas) durante 15 y 13 semanas, de marzo a agosto/2009. El 77 y 70% de los vecinos aceptó participar en la prueba separando sus residuos en 4 grupos: Biodegradables, Reciclables, No aprovechables ó Basura y Peligrosos y entregándolos a los recicladores 2 veces/semana de residuos Biodegradables y No aprovechables o Basura; 1 vez/sem. los Reciclables y los Peligrosos un vez/mes. Los resultados sociales, operativos y económicos, muestran que los recicladores pueden recoger “puerta a puerta” los residuos reciclables de 30 a 50 viviendas por día. Para esto deberían dedicar 1,93 a 3,21 horas/día a la recolección y de 4,1 a 6,8 hrs/día a la clasificación de los materiales reciclables. Estos trabajos demandan de 5 a 10 hrs/día durante 6 días/semana y les generarían ingresos a precios de mayo 2011, que son altos, de 3.480 a 5.800 Bs/mes en Bella Vista y de 1.939 a 3.232 Bs/mes en San Luis. Es decir, sus ingresos serían de 4,3 a 7,2 y de 2,4 a 4 veces el salario mínimo vital en Bella Vista, establecido en 815 Bs/mes, en Bella Vista y San Luis respectivamente

PREVENÇÃO E CONTROLE DA MASTITE BOVINA

Prevenção e controle da mastite bovina são essenciais para garantir a qualidade do leite e evitar prejuízos econômicos. Alguns sinais de mastite incluem sensibilidade ao toque, úbere quente, leite espesso com grumos e estrias de sangue. Testes como o CMT podem ajudar na detecção precoce. O pré-dipping e o pós-dipping são procedimentos importantes durante a ordenha. Além disso, é crucial manter as máquinas de ordenha limpas, secar adequadamente os animais e descartar os primeiros jatos de leite. Com manejo adequado e medidas preventivas, é possível controlar a mastite e garantir a produção de leite de qualidade. As medidas preventivas podem ser o pré-dipping, que consiste em imergir os tetos da vaca em produto antisséptico antes da ordenha, e o pós-dipping, que consiste na imersão dos tetos em solução desinfetante glicerinada após a ordenha. A higiene adequada, como a limpeza dos tetos, práticas adequadas, como evitar estresse, também são importantes. Manter as instalações limpas e secas para reduzir o risco de infecção, identificar e tratar precocemente casos de mastite, adotar programas de qualidade do leite e controle da saúde do rebanho, como o monitoramento regular da saúde dos animais e implementação de medidas corretivas quando necessário, são medidas adicionais para prevenção e controle da mastite bovina. Os princípios ativos dos medicamentos utilizados no tratamento da mastite podem variar de acordo com o tipo de infecção e a causa subjacente, incluindo antibióticos, anti-inflamatórios e antifúngicos. Em resumo, a mastite é uma doença inflamatória da glândula mamária que afeta animais de produção de leite e causa prejuízos na produção e qualidade do leite. A prevenção e o controle são essenciais para reduzir os impactos da doença, exigindo medidas de higiene, manejo e controle dos agentes infecciosos. Lembre-se sempre de buscar orientação veterinária para um programa eficaz de prevenção e controle da mastite bovina

Intensive Olfactory Training in Post-COVID Patients: A Randomized Multicenter Clinical Trial

Introduction: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is one of the most reported symptoms of COVID -19. Previous studies have identified olfactory training (OT) as an important treatment for postinfectious OD, but little is known about its effect after SARS-CoV-2 infection and how it can be optimized. Objective: To assess whether OT can be optimized if performed intensively, with more fragrances over a shorter period in patients with persistent OD after COVID -19. Also, to determine the presence of other variables related to OD and treatment response in this population. Method: This multicenter randomized clinical trial recruited 80 patients with persistent OD with previous COVID-19 for less than three months. The patients were divided into two groups, who received treatment with 4 and 8 essences over four weeks. Subjective assessments and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) were performed before and after treatment. Results: A significant improvement in olfaction was measured subjectively and on UPSIT in both groups, but without significant differences between groups. In addition, the presence of olfactory fluctuation was associated with higher UPSIT scores. Conclusion: These data suggest that intensifying the training by increasing the number of essences for 4 weeks does not show superiority over the classical method. Moreover, a fluctuating olfactory ability seems to be related to a better score in the UPSIT

Non-Hematopoietic Cells in Lymph Nodes Drive Memory CD8 T Cell Inflation during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection

During human and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection an exceptionally large virus-specific CD8 T cell pool is maintained in the periphery lifelong. This anomalous response is only seen for specific subsets of MCMV-specific CD8 T cells which are referred to as 'inflationary T cells'. How memory CD8 T cell inflation is induced and maintained is unclear, though their activated phenotype strongly suggests an involvement of persistent antigen encounter during MCMV latency. To dissect the cellular and molecular requirements for memory CD8 T cell inflation, we have generated a transgenic mouse expressing an MHC class I-restricted T cell receptor specific for an immunodominant inflationary epitope of MCMV. Through a series of adoptive transfer experiments we found that memory inflation was completely dependent on antigen presentation by non-hematopoietic cells, which are also the predominant site of MCMV latency. In particular, non-hematopoietic cells selectively induced robust proliferation of inflationary CD8 T cells in lymph nodes, where a majority of the inflationary CD8 T cells exhibit a central-memory phenotype, but not in peripheral tissues, where terminally differentiated inflationary T cells accumulate. These results indicate that continuous restimulation of central memory CD8 T cells in the lymph nodes by infected non-hematopoietic cells ensures the maintenance of a functional effector CD8 T pool in the periphery, providing protection against viral reactivation events

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (bodymass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

To which world regions does the valence–dominance model of social perception apply?

Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence–dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov’s methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov’s original analysis strategy, the valence–dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence–dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world