Cloning and Expression of EBI3 and p28 Subunits of Human Interleukin 27 in E. coli

Background: Interleukin-27 is a heterodimeric cytokine belonging to IL-12 and IL-23 families, secreted  by Antigen Presenting Cells(APCs) .The IL-27 is composed of 2 subunits: Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) and p28. IL-27 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine which has an inhibitory effect on Th17 population and suppress the IL-17 expression. It is suggested that IL-27 could be a potent drug candidate for treating auto immune diseases.Methods: The IL-27 subunit genes were constructed into plasmid vectors, they sub-cloned into pETDeut-1an expression vector in restriction sites of BamHI, SacI and NotI. Subsequently the induction was done by IPTG and the recombinant proteins were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis using anti His-tag antibody.Results: The 28kDa and 25kDa protein bands were observed on SDS-PAGE and finally confirmed by Western blot technique

Cloning and Expression of EBI3 and p28 Subunits of Human Interleukin 27 in E. coli

Background: Interleukin (IL)-27 is a heterodimeric cytokine belonging to IL-12 and IL-23 families, secreted by antigen presenting cells(APCs). The IL-27 is composed of 2 subunits: Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) and p28. IL-27 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine which has an inhibitory effect on Th17 population and suppress the IL-17 expression. It is suggested that IL-27 could be a potent drug candidate for treating auto immune diseases. Materials and Methods: The EBI3 and p28 subunits of human interleukin 27 were constructed into plasmid vectors; they sub-cloned into pETDuet-1 expression vector in restriction sites of BamHI, SacI and NotI. Subsequently the induction was carried out by 1mM IPTG and the recombinant proteins were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis using anti His-tag antibody. Results: The EBI3 and p28 subunits of human interleukin 27were cloned into plasmid vectors. The 28 and 25kDa protein bands were observed on SDS-PAGE and finally confirmed by Western blot technique. Conclusion: In this research p28 and EBI3 proteins were produced successfully

Development of a Screening Tool for Functional Movements in Tennis

Introduction: Despite the importance of the functional movement screening tool and the prevalence rate of 4.34 injuries per 1000 hours in tennis, there is no standard protocol for functional movement screening specific to tennis. Therefore, this study aims to develop a tool for screening functional movements in tennis.Methods: the statistical population for qualitative data in this research includes all experts and specialists in the field of tennis, including coaches, teachers, and physiotherapists, and 18 of them were randomly selected as a statistical sample. Data collection was done through structured interviews. The interviews were mainly held in tennis academies, doctors' and physiotherapists' offices, and university faculty members' offices. Six classes of tests that were comprehensive enough to achieve the desired tool were designed with eleven questions in the qualitative questionnaire for these six classes. After defining the initial tests, the interviews were coded; then the codings were controlled and verified. Interview data were analyzed through version 11 of MAXQDA.Results: The results of the interviews were analyzed to determine the qualified tests to be included in the tool.  The analytical process determined initial codes, and finally, 27 tests out of 108 potential tests were identified.Conclusion: It seems that this tool is suitable and practical with features such as simple scoring, acceptable reliability and validity, the possibility of implementation in a short time, and the ability to be used in various researches

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Web-based application for Collaborative Ethical Decision Making

Computer  ethics is a scientific discipline, which can help us to reach ethical usability of IT-system by developing knowledge and provide the main principles and the guidelines of ethics. It helps us to collect and interpret  information and use it in real design projects. To achieve this goal, we need an application to generate the structure  of the procedure  from analyzing the problem to gain the solutions. The main objective of this thesis is to redesign and implement the EthXpert system as a web application in a way that users can access the software in a collaborative environment. The aspects of the thesis are choosing a suitable communication protocol, developing a collaborative ethical decision system as a web application and evaluating system by analyzing the answers of students (who will apply this software to our online survey as a research part of the thesis). In order to implement ColLab, a research has been done about available APIs, which equipped by collaborative functionalities. ColLab is based on the most recent technologies such as Ajax, jQuery, MySQL, NodeJS, PHP, HTML5 (Canvas) and CSS3. The MVC pattern has been used to structure  ColLab application. During the research phase of this thesis, the data gathered from the questionnaire has been analyzed based on qualitative and quantitative methods

Web-based application for Collaborative Ethical Decision Making

Computer  ethics is a scientific discipline, which can help us to reach ethical usability of IT-system by developing knowledge and provide the main principles and the guidelines of ethics. It helps us to collect and interpret  information and use it in real design projects. To achieve this goal, we need an application to generate the structure  of the procedure  from analyzing the problem to gain the solutions. The main objective of this thesis is to redesign and implement the EthXpert system as a web application in a way that users can access the software in a collaborative environment. The aspects of the thesis are choosing a suitable communication protocol, developing a collaborative ethical decision system as a web application and evaluating system by analyzing the answers of students (who will apply this software to our online survey as a research part of the thesis). In order to implement ColLab, a research has been done about available APIs, which equipped by collaborative functionalities. ColLab is based on the most recent technologies such as Ajax, jQuery, MySQL, NodeJS, PHP, HTML5 (Canvas) and CSS3. The MVC pattern has been used to structure  ColLab application. During the research phase of this thesis, the data gathered from the questionnaire has been analyzed based on qualitative and quantitative methods

Web-based application for Collaborative Ethical Decision Making

Computer  ethics is a scientific discipline, which can help us to reach ethical usability of IT-system by developing knowledge and provide the main principles and the guidelines of ethics. It helps us to collect and interpret  information and use it in real design projects. To achieve this goal, we need an application to generate the structure  of the procedure  from analyzing the problem to gain the solutions. The main objective of this thesis is to redesign and implement the EthXpert system as a web application in a way that users can access the software in a collaborative environment. The aspects of the thesis are choosing a suitable communication protocol, developing a collaborative ethical decision system as a web application and evaluating system by analyzing the answers of students (who will apply this software to our online survey as a research part of the thesis). In order to implement ColLab, a research has been done about available APIs, which equipped by collaborative functionalities. ColLab is based on the most recent technologies such as Ajax, jQuery, MySQL, NodeJS, PHP, HTML5 (Canvas) and CSS3. The MVC pattern has been used to structure  ColLab application. During the research phase of this thesis, the data gathered from the questionnaire has been analyzed based on qualitative and quantitative methods

Stormwater Quality Benefits of Permeable Pavement Systems with Deep Aggregate Layers

Green infrastructure (GI) stormwater control measures (SCMs), such as permeable pavement systems, are common practices used for controlling stormwater runoff. In this paper, two permeable pavement strips were studied to quantify their water quality performance. The quality monitoring was coupled with comprehensive rainfall analysis to investigate the effects of common rainfall characteristics on the quality performance of the systems. The pavements utilized deep aggregate layers to promote higher infiltration, and were installed in parking lanes of an urban neighborhood. Water quality samples were collected from upgradient stormwater runoff and from stormwater captured by the permeable pavements. In addition to total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients, and dissolved metals, this research also investigated bacterial contamination (Escherichia coli, E. coli). The results indicated that the two permeable pavement systems significantly reduced concentrations of TSS, E. coli, total phosphorus, and ammonia. The average reductions of TSS and E. coli between the two systems were 47% and 69%, respectively. It was also observed that pollutant loadings in the stormwater runoff, as well as pollutant reductions, were affected by the intensity of sampled rainfall events. Thus, it is suggested to consider the effects of rainfall characteristics when reporting the water quality benefits of stormwater GIs