Elina Screen: Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles, vols. 65 & 66: Nor- wegian Collections, Part I: Anglo-Saxon Coins to 1016 & Part II: Anglo-Saxon and later British Coins 1016–1279.

These two substantial volumes publish an impressive 4230 coins struck at the British Isles prior to 1279 and kept in Norwegian Museums. They are volumes 65 and 66 in the Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles (SCBI). Since the publication of volume 1 in 1958 (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge) this series has under the auspices of the British Academy made thousands of coins kept in public or private collections easily available and thus largely stimulated research into British coins

Vikings et monnaies en France et au DanemarkAspects politiques, économiques, sociaux et idéologiques

La monnaie, objet officiel par excellence, expression du pouvoir, est en même temps un objet usuel de la vie quotidienne à usages multiples. Fabriquée dans un grand nombre d’ateliers monétaires suivant des décisions officielles, elle est datable et classable dans l’espace avec plus de précision que la plupart des objets archéologiques. Son aspect d’« objet de masse » permet des approches quantitatives, qui mènent à un niveau de détail exceptionnel, au niveau tant chronologique que géographiqu..

Udbredelsen af reguleret møntøkonomi i geografisk perspektiv ca. 600 - ca. 1150

The introduction of a regulated coin economy in a geographical perspective, c. 600-ca. 1150 By Jens Christian Moesgaard In Viking-Age Denmark, coins were predominantly used by weight along with ingots and other silver artefacts. They were bent and pecked in order to test the alloy, and they were cut to make up small change. However, another form of coin use emerged at various places and at various times: the use at tale (by number) in a regulated currency, the way we use coins today. This system required a powerful coin issuer to guarantee the coin value, and coin users ready to accept it. The study of coin issues and circulation reveals that coins were used at tale in Ribe during the 8th-9th centuries, perhaps in Haithabu in the 9th century, and for certain in south-eastern Schleswig in the 10th century. A tentative attempt was made in the 970s and 980s to introduce a regulated currency on a national scale. During the 11th century, a regulated currency slowly evolved, first in the cities and by the third quarter of the century all over the country except in Bornholm and Blekinge, where the weight economy was maintained well into the 12th century

Kulturarv till salu

Under våren 2022 ska den så kallade Everlöv-skatten säljas på offentlig auktion. Därför kommer skatten att splittras upp och föremålen därmed spridas vind för våg. Detta är mycket beklagansvärt ur vetenskaplig synvinkel, men även ur samhällets och allmänhetens perspektiv. Fornminnen och fornsaker, däribland naturligtvis vikingatida skattfynd, är vårt gemensamma kulturarv. Depåfyndet består av en samling om cirka 900 mynt och silverföremål, som enligt ägaren hittats i en gammal chiffonjé på en gård utanför Lund i Skåne. Sammansättningen visar tydligt att föremålen kommer från en vikingatida skatt som deponerades efter 1018 e.Kr., men det är okänt när, var och hur den ursprungligen upphittades

Life expectancy and disease burden in the Nordic countries : results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017

Background The Nordic countries have commonalities in gender equality, economy, welfare, and health care, but differ in culture and lifestyle, which might create country-wise health differences. This study compared life expectancy, disease burden, and risk factors in the Nordic region. Methods Life expectancy in years and age-standardised rates of overall, cause-specific, and risk factor-specific estimates of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were analysed in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017. Data were extracted for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden (ie, the Nordic countries), and Greenland, an autonomous area of Denmark. Estimates were compared with global, high-income region, and Nordic regional estimates, including Greenland. Findings All Nordic countries exceeded the global life expectancy; in 2017, the highest life expectancy was in Iceland among females (85.9 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 85.5-86.4] vs 75.6 years [75.3-75.9] globally) and Sweden among males (80.8 years [80.2-81.4] vs 70.5 years [70.1-70.8] globally). Females (82.7 years [81.9-83.4]) and males (78.8 years [78.1-79.5]) in Denmark and males in Finland (78.6 years [77.8-79.2]) had lower life expectancy than in the other Nordic countries. The lowest life expectancy in the Nordic region was in Greenland (females 77.2 years [76.2-78.0], males 70.8 years [70.3-71.4]). Overall disease burden was lower in the Nordic countries than globally, with the lowest age-standardised DALY rates among Swedish males (18 555.7 DALYs [95% UI 15 968.6-21 426.8] per 100 000 population vs 35 834.3 DALYs [33 218.2-38 740.7] globally) and Icelandic females (16 074.1 DALYs [13 216.4-19 240.8] vs 29 934.6 DALYs [26 981.9-33 211.2] globally). Greenland had substantially higher DALY rates (26 666.6 DALYs [23 478.4-30 218.8] among females, 33 101.3 DALYs [30 182.3-36 218.6] among males) than the Nordic countries. Country variation was primarily due to differences in causes that largely contributed to DALYs through mortality, such as ischaemic heart disease. These causes dominated male disease burden, whereas non-fatal causes such as low back pain were important for female disease burden. Smoking and metabolic risk factors were high-ranking risk factors across all countries. DALYs attributable to alcohol use and smoking were particularly high among the Danes, as was alcohol use among Finnish males. Interpretation Risk factor differences might drive differences in life expectancy and disease burden that merit attention also in high-income settings such as the Nordic countries. Special attention should be given to the high disease burden in Greenland. Copyright (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

BACKGROUND: Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2·9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2·9-3·0) for men and 3·5 years (3·4-3·7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0·85 years (0·78-0·92) and 1·2 years (1·1-1·3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. INTERPRETATION: Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation