Biohajoavia katteita vihannesten rikkakasvintorjuntaan

Luomupuutarhatuotannon keskeisimmät viljelytekniset ongelmat koskevat kasvinsuojelua, ravinnehuoltoa sekä luomutuotantoon sopivia lajeja ja lajikkeita. Merkittävä kasvinsuojeluhaaste luomussa ovat rikkakasvit. Rikkakasvien torjuntaan tarvitaan integroidun torjunnan (IPM) keinoja, joista katteiden käyttö on tehokas vaihtoehto vihannesten riviviljelyssä. Rikkakasvien torjuntaan perinteisesti käytetyt muovikatteet aiheuttavat ympäristöongelmia. Uuden kehitetyn innovaation, biohajoavan paperipohjaisen katteen soveltuvuutta luomutuotantoon, tehoa rikkakasvien torjunnassa sekä vaikutuksia mansikan ja eri vihannesten kasvuun on testattu koekentillä ja käytännön tiloilla vuosina 2011˗2016. Biohajoavia katteita vertailevissa kenttäkokeissa on ollut mukana markkinoilla olevia tärkkelyspohjaisia tuotteita, tuotekehitysversioita paperikatteista ja verranteina kattamaton penkki ja musta muovi. Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskuksen (MTT) ja nyttemmin Luonnonvarakeskuksen (Luke) osallistuminen biohajoavien katteiden tuotekehitykseen on perustunut laajempaan tavoitteeseen hyödyntää pyrolyysitekniikalla tuotettuja tisleitä erilaisiin kasvinsuojelutarkoituksiin, tässä tapauksessa paperipohjaisiin katemateriaaleihin. Tisleiden avulla pystytään säätelemään paperin hajoamisnopeutta. Yhteistyö suomalaisten paperinvalmistajien kanssa on jatkunut monta vuotta, mutta läpimurto markkinoilla on vielä saavuttamatta. Tuotekehitys on ensisijaisesti yritysten vastuulla. Luomupuutarha-hankkeen (MMM/Makera, 2013˗2016) kenttä- ja havaintokokeissa on saatu vaihtelevia kokemuksia paperipohjaisten biohajoavien katteiden soveltuvuudesta. Haasteet paperin käytössä ovat liittyneet sekä katteen kestävyyteen levitysvaiheessa että kestoon kasvukauden edetessä. Tärkkelyspohjaiset katteet ovat olleet levityskestävyydeltään lähes muovin luokkaa. Näiden katteiden valikoimissa on paksuudeltaan ja kestävyydeltään erilaisia tuotteita käyttökohteen mukaan. Yksivuotiset käyttökohteet (vihannekset) näyttävät lupaavilta, mutta monivuotisten kasvien, esim. mansikka, viljelyyn varsinkin paperipohjaisten katteiden kehittely on haastavaa. Parhaiten biohajoavat katteet soveltuvat vihanneksille, joilla on nopea alkukasvu ja hyvä peittävyys, kuten taimina istutettavat salaatti ja keräkaali. Katteiden kestoa voi turvata myös kateharsoilla tai hyönteisverkoilla, jotka vähentävät merkittävästi tuulirepeymiä. Katteiden käyttö ei palvele pelkästään luomutuotannon rikkakasvintorjunnan tarpeita. Myös tavanomaisessa vihannnesviljelyssä rikkakasvien kemiallisen torjunnan vaihtoehdot niukentuvat koko ajan ja tarve IPM-ratkaisuille on ilmeinen. Biohajoavat katteet on hinnoiteltu varsin kilpailukykyisiksi muoviin verrattuna. Paperikatteiden tuloa markkinoille vielä odotellaan.201

Jätevesilietteen pyrolyysi - laboratorio- ja pilot-mittakaavan kokeita

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää jätevesipohjaisten raaka-aineiden käyttäytymistä pyrolyysiprosessissa sekä arvioida syntyvien lopputuotteiden soveltuvuutta lannoitevalmisteeksi. Tutkimuksessa 1) pyrolysoitiin eri prosessiolosuhteissa (310 ja 410 °C) laboratoriomittakaavan laitteistolla jätevedenpuhdistamon raakalietettä, biokaasulaitoksen mädätysjäännöstä (syötteenä mm. puhdistamoliete) sekä sakokaivolietettä, 2) tutkittiin pyrolyysiprosessin hiilipitoisten lopputuotteiden ravinteiden ja raskasmetallien kokonaispitoisuuksia sekä liukoisen fosforin määrää, 3) toteutettiin mädätysjäännöksellä testiajo pilot-mittakaavan pyrolyysilaitteistolla. Raakalietteen ja mädätteen pyrolysointi muunsi kiinteän jakeen massasta lämpötilasta riippuen 25–52 % kaasu ja nestejakeiksi. Samalla fosforin määrä hiilipitoisessa kiintojakeessa kohosi mineraalilannoitteiden tasolle (3–6 %). Pyrolyysi ei vaikuttanut merkittävästi helppoliukoisen fosforin määrään, vaan se oli alhainen sekä raaka-aineissa että hiilipitoisessa lopputuotteessa. Myös raskasmetallit konsentroituivat hiilijakeeseen: kadmiuminpitoisuus vaihteli välillä 0,7–1,3 mg kg-1. Sakokaivoliette osoittautui alhaisesta orgaanisen aineen määrästä johtuen epäsuotuisaksi raaka-aineeksi pyrolyysiin. Pyrolyysi onnistui ongelmitta pilot-mittakaavan laitteistolla ja laskennallisesti pyrolyysin avulla voitiin alentaa kiintojakeen varastointi- ja kuljetustarvetta neljännekseen. Laboratoriomittakaavan pyrolyysiajoissa havaittiin kuitenkin merkittävä turvallisuusriski, kun hiilipitoinen lopputuote kuumeni voimakkaasti joutuessaan kontaktiin hapen kanssa. Soveltuvilla laitevalinnoilla ja prosessia optimoimalla voidaan pyrolyysiteknologiaa hyödyntää jätevesilietepohjaisten materiaalien prosessoinnissa. Lopputuotteen maatalouskäyttö on ravinne- ja raskasmetallipitoisuuksien valossa mahdollista, mutta mm. fosforin pitkäaikainen käyttökelpoisuus tulisi selvittää. Lisätutkimusta tarvitaan myös prosessissa syntyvien neste- ja kaasujakeiden hyödyntämisestä, sekä orgaanisten haitta-aineiden esiintymisestä kiinteässä hiilipitoisessa lopputuotteessa. Tutkimus oli osa Luonnonvarakeskuksen laajempaa ravinteiden kierrätyksen tehostamiseen tähtäävää tutkimuskokonaisuutta. Jätevesilietteiden prosessointiin liittyvää tutkimusosiota rahoitti Vesihuoltolaitosten kehittämisrahasto.The aim of this research was to test pyrolysis of sewage sludge in laboratory and pilot scale, and to evaluate the suitability of solid end-products for agricultural use. We pyrolysed sewage sludge from municipal waste water treatment plant with and without anaerobic digestion (AD, biogas plant) as well as waste water sludge from scattered settlements. Slow pyrolyses were carried out in two maximum peak temperature (310 and 410 °C) using laboratory scale devise. In addition test run using pilot scale mobile pyrolysis device was performed. After pyrolysis, solid char fractions were studied for contents of nutrients and heavy metals. In addition, solubility of phosphorus (P) was assessed by sequential chemical fractionation procedure. In the pyrolysis process 25–52 % of the initial raw material mass ended up to gas and liquid fractions. Most of the phosphorus was recovered in the solid char fraction, and its P concentration corresponded to commercial mineral fertilizers (3–6 %). However, pyrolysis had only minor effect on the solubility of phosphorus; it was low in raw materials and pyrolysed char fractions. Heavy metals concentrated also into char fraction, for example, cadmium concentrations varied between 0.7 and 1.3 mg kg-1. Waste water sludge from scattered settlements proven to be unfavourable raw material for pyrolysis because of low initial organic matter content. In the pilot scale pyrolysis of AD sludge was successful. Based on calculations we estimated that pyrolysis could cut the need for storage and transport capacity to one fourth (char fraction vs. raw material). However, there was severe safety risk when pyrolysis was carried out at higher temperature using laboratory scale devise. After pyrolysis, cooled char fraction started to heat up strongly, which may cause risk for fire damage. The results indicate that successful pyrolysis of sewage sludge requires optimisation of pyrolysis conditions with respect to raw material, device in use and desired quality of end-products. In the light of nutrient and heavy metal contents of studied end-products agricultural use of solid char fraction is possible. Due to the low solubility of phosphorus in these materials, plant availability, especially in a long term, needs to be assessed in growth experiments. In addition research is needed to identify the most feasible usage for gas and liquid fractions as well as to assess organic pollutants potentially occurring in the solid char fraction.201

Blood Transfusion and Outcome After Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Objective: To investigate the prognostic impact of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion on the outcome after transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Design: Nationwide, retrospective multicenter study. Setting: Five University Hospitals. Participants: The nationwide FinnValve registry included data from 2,130 patients who underwent TAVR for aortic stenosis from 2008 to 2017. After excluding patients who underwent TAVR through nontransfemoral accesses, 1,818 patients were selected for this analysis. Intervention: TAVR with or without coronary revascularization. Measurements and Main Results: RBCs were transfused in 293 patients (16.1%). Time-trend analysis showed that the rates of RBC transfusion decreased significantly from 27.5% in 2012 to 10.0% in 2017 (p <0.0001). Among 281 propensity score matched pairs, RBC transfusion was associated with higher 30-day mortality (7.1% v 0%, p <0.0001), late mortality (at 5-year, 59.1% v 43.3%, p = 0.008), as well as increased risk of acute kidney injury (17.0% v 4.4%, p <0.0001), renal replacement therapy (3.6% v 0.4, p <0.0001) and prolonged hospital stay (mean, 8.5 v 4.7 days, p <0.0001) compared with patients who did not receive blood transfusion. In the overall series, the risk of adverse events increased significantly with the increasing amount of transfused RBC units and when operation for excessive bleeding was necessary. Consistently with these findings, postoperative hemoglobin drop and nadir level were associated with higher early and late mortality. Conclusions: Patients who received blood transfusion after TAVR had an increased risk of early and late adverse events. These adverse effects were particularly evident with increasing amount of RBC transfusion and operations for excessive bleeding. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

The Large Hadron-Electron Collider at the HL-LHC

The Large Hadron-Electron Collider (LHeC) is designed to move the field of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) to the energy and intensity frontier of particle physics. Exploiting energy-recovery technology, it collides a novel, intense electron beam with a proton or ion beam from the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The accelerator and interaction region are designed for concurrent electron-proton and proton-proton operations. This report represents an update to the LHeC's conceptual design report (CDR), published in 2012. It comprises new results on the parton structure of the proton and heavier nuclei, QCD dynamics, and electroweak and top-quark physics. It is shown how the LHeC will open a new chapter of nuclear particle physics by extending the accessible kinematic range of lepton-nucleus scattering by several orders of magnitude. Due to its enhanced luminosity and large energy and the cleanliness of the final hadronic states, the LHeC has a strong Higgs physics programme and its own discovery potential for new physics. Building on the 2012 CDR, this report contains a detailed updated design for the energy-recovery electron linac (ERL), including a new lattice, magnet and superconducting radio-frequency technology, and further components. Challenges of energy recovery are described, and the lower-energy, high-current, three-turn ERL facility, PERLE at Orsay, is presented, which uses the LHeC characteristics serving as a development facility for the design and operation of the LHeC. An updated detector design is presented corresponding to the acceptance, resolution, and calibration goals that arise from the Higgs and parton-density-function physics programmes. This paper also presents novel results for the Future Circular Collider in electron-hadron (FCC-eh) mode, which utilises the same ERL technology to further extend the reach of DIS to even higher centre-of-mass energies.Peer reviewe

HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre-of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries

FCC-ee: The Lepton Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 2

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched, as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This study covers a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee) and an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), which could, successively, be installed in the same 100 km tunnel. The scientific capabilities of the integrated FCC programme would serve the worldwide community throughout the 21st century. The FCC study also investigates an LHC energy upgrade, using FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the second volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the electron-positron collider FCC-ee. After summarizing the physics discovery opportunities, it presents the accelerator design, performance reach, a staged operation scenario, the underlying technologies, civil engineering, technical infrastructure, and an implementation plan. FCC-ee can be built with today’s technology. Most of the FCC-ee infrastructure could be reused for FCC-hh. Combining concepts from past and present lepton colliders and adding a few novel elements, the FCC-ee design promises outstandingly high luminosity. This will make the FCC-ee a unique precision instrument to study the heaviest known particles (Z, W and H bosons and the top quark), offering great direct and indirect sensitivity to new physics

FCC Physics Opportunities: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 1

We review the physics opportunities of the Future Circular Collider, covering its e+e-, pp, ep and heavy ion programmes. We describe the measurement capabilities of each FCC component, addressing the study of electroweak, Higgs and strong interactions, the top quark and flavour, as well as phenomena beyond the Standard Model. We highlight the synergy and complementarity of the different colliders, which will contribute to a uniquely coherent and ambitious research programme, providing an unmatchable combination of precision and sensitivity to new physics

FCC-hh: The Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 3

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100&nbsp;km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100&nbsp;TeV. Its unprecedented centre of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries

HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre-of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries

FCC-hh: The Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 3

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries