ANALISA DECLINE CURVE UNTUK PERHITUNGAN CADANGAN SISA DAN PERENCANAAN PENGEMBANGAN PADA LAPISAN “E” DI LAPANGAN KENALI ASAM

Lapangan Kenali Asam Lapisan “E” mempunyai Original Oil In Place (OOIP) sebesar 3.179.000 STB, yang mulai diproduksikan pada tahun 1996 dan berakhir pada tahun 2011 dengan kumulatif produksi saat itu sebesar 186.430,90 STB. Usaha memproduksikan kembali Lapisan “E” akan dilakukan dengan mengaktifkan kembali sumur-sumur yang pernah berproduksi. Sebelum melakukannya proses penyelesaian kajian ini terlebih dahulu dilakukan penentuan jumlah minyak sisa ditempat (volumetrik), menentukan laju ekonomi l imit, mengumpulkan data produksi dan data keekonomian yang dibutuhkan, memperkirakan profil produksi sumur-sumur dengan menggunakan metode Decline Curve untuk menentukan jumlah minyak sisa (remaining reserve) yang masih dapat diproduksikan dan menentukan skenario pengembangan lapangan untuk meningkatkan perolehan minyak. Setelah skenario pengembangan lapangan, dilakukan perhitungan keekonomian untuk menentukan besarnya Cash Flow yang akan diterima oleh pihak Kontraktor dan pihak Pemerintah, menentukan besarnya indikator ekonomi yang meliputi Rate Of Return (ROR), Net Present Value (NPV), Discounted Profit to Investment Ratio (DPIR) dan Pay Out Time (POT), melakukan analisa sensitivitas pada parameter keekonomian yang berupa laju produksi minyak, biaya produksi, harga minyak dan investasi. Analisa sensitivitas ini dilakukan untuk menentukan jenis parameter keekonomian yang paling sensitif dalam memberikan perubahan pada harga indikator ekonomi. Berdasarkan hasil analisa umur produksi lapangan Kenali Asam pada Lapisan “E” diperoleh waktu sampai 64 bulan dengan Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) yang didapatkan sampai dengan laju produksi economic limit 6 STB/well adalah sebesar 190.888,25 STB sehingga jumlah minyak yang masih dapat diproduksikan hingga Januari tahun 2017 sebesar 4.457,35 STB. Hasil perhitungan indikator keuntungan adalah: economic limit yaitu Net Presnt Value (NPV) = 2,422,906 USD, Rate Of Return (ROR) = 42.63 %, Provit Invesment Ratio (PIR) = 0.63, Discounted Provit Invesment Ratio (DPIR) = 0.38, Pay Out Time (POT) = 0.53 tahun. Berdasarkan analisa sensitivitas yang dilakukan diketahui bahwa parameter keekonomian yang paling sensitif terhadap indikator keuntungan adalah investasi, harga minyak dan produksi minyak. Dengan berdasarkan hasil perhitungan indikator keuntungan, Lapangan Kenali Asam Lapisan “E” masih layak untuk dikembangkan atau diproduksikan kembali

Evidence for models of diagnostic service provision in the community: literature mapping exercise and focused rapid reviews

Background Current NHS policy favours the expansion of diagnostic testing services in community and primary care settings. Objectives Our objectives were to identify current models of community diagnostic services in the UK and internationally and to assess the evidence for quality, safety and clinical effectiveness of such services. We were also interested in whether or not there is any evidence to support a broader range of diagnostic tests being provided in the community. Review methods We performed an initial broad literature mapping exercise to assess the quantity and nature of the published research evidence. The results were used to inform selection of three areas for investigation in more detail. We chose to perform focused reviews on logistics of diagnostic modalities in primary care (because the relevant issues differ widely between different types of test); diagnostic ultrasound (a key diagnostic technology affected by developments in equipment); and a diagnostic pathway (assessment of breathlessness) typically delivered wholly or partly in primary care/community settings. Databases and other sources searched, and search dates, were decided individually for each review. Quantitative and qualitative systematic reviews and primary studies of any design were eligible for inclusion. Results We identified seven main models of service that are delivered in primary care/community settings and in most cases with the possible involvement of community/primary care staff. Not all of these models are relevant to all types of diagnostic test. Overall, the evidence base for community- and primary care-based diagnostic services was limited, with very few controlled studies comparing different models of service. We found evidence from different settings that these services can reduce referrals to secondary care and allow more patients to be managed in primary care, but the quality of the research was generally poor. Evidence on the quality (including diagnostic accuracy and appropriateness of test ordering) and safety of such services was mixed. Conclusions In the absence of clear evidence of superior clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, the expansion of community-based services appears to be driven by other factors. These include policies to encourage moving services out of hospitals; the promise of reduced waiting times for diagnosis; the availability of a wider range of suitable tests and/or cheaper, more user-friendly equipment; and the ability of commercial providers to bid for NHS contracts. However, service development also faces a number of barriers, including issues related to staffing, training, governance and quality control. Limitations We have not attempted to cover all types of diagnostic technology in equal depth. Time and staff resources constrained our ability to carry out review processes in duplicate. Research in this field is limited by the difficulty of obtaining, from publicly available sources, up-to-date information about what models of service are commissioned, where and from which providers. Future work There is a need for research to compare the outcomes of different service models using robust study designs. Comparisons of ‘true’ community-based services with secondary care-based open-access services and rapid access clinics would be particularly valuable. There are specific needs for economic evaluations and for studies that incorporate effects on the wider health system. There appears to be no easy way of identifying what services are being commissioned from whom and keeping up with local evaluations of new services, suggesting a need to improve the availability of information in this area. Funding The National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme

PENENTUAN SIFAT FISIK BATUAN RESERVOIR PADA SUMUR PENGEMBANGAN DI LAPANGAN “RR”

Lapangan “RR” terletak di bagian timur laut Kalimantan, daerah sungai muara buaya, dengan luas ± 122 km2 dan termasuk dalam sub cekungan Tarakan yang merupakan sub cekungan termuda dalam cekungan Tarakan. Jenis batuan reservoir dilapangan “RR” pada sumur XL adalah sandstone, ketebalan batupasir yang produktif ini berkisar dari 1 m sampai 46 m. Sumur ini merupakan sumur infill (sumur pengembangan) yang bertujuan menambah titik serap di daerah sungai muara buaya

ハイデガーのヘルダーリン講義における被投的企投の帰趨 : 根本情調Grundstimmungと規定=使命Bestimmung

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