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Cracked but not broken: the continued gender gap in senior administrative positions
Equality for women (and men) was enshrined in the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Legislatively this has meant that women have been treated in the same way as men, and post-feminist theory suggests that equality battles have been won and that women and men now have equal opportunities. However, when looking into the attainment of women in HE, the concept of equal opportunities seems questionable. Female administrative staff have outnumbered male administrative staff in universities for at least sixteen years. However, there is still an unbalanced gender profile at senior, ie above G9 (spine point >51 on the new single pay framework [UCU 2004]). If for professional managers at levels below that of Grade 10 women outweigh men by on average 62% why at levels at G10 and above do women represent on average only 30% of staff
Cross-Points in Domain Decomposition Methods with a Finite Element Discretization
Non-overlapping domain decomposition methods necessarily have to exchange
Dirichlet and Neumann traces at interfaces in order to be able to converge to
the underlying mono-domain solution. Well known such non-overlapping methods
are the Dirichlet-Neumann method, the FETI and Neumann-Neumann methods, and
optimized Schwarz methods. For all these methods, cross-points in the domain
decomposition configuration where more than two subdomains meet do not pose any
problem at the continuous level, but care must be taken when the methods are
discretized. We show in this paper two possible approaches for the consistent
discretization of Neumann conditions at cross-points in a Finite Element
setting
Hybrid organizations as a strategy for supporting new product development
Alliances between large, well-established corporations and highly creative small companies or consultancies can be an effective method for promoting innovation
Designing Scalable Business Models
Digital business models are often designed for rapid growth, and some relatively young companies have indeed achieved global scale. However despite the visibility and importance of this phenomenon, analysis of scale and scalability remains underdeveloped in management literature. When it is addressed, analysis of this phenomenon is often over-influenced by arguments about economies of scale in production and distribution. To redress this omission, this paper draws on economic, organization and technology management literature to provide a detailed examination of the sources of scaling in digital businesses. We propose three mechanisms by which digital business models attempt to gain scale: engaging both non- paying users and paying customers; organizing customer engagement to allow self- customization; and orchestrating networked value chains, such as platforms or multi-sided business models. Scaling conditions are discussed, and propositions developed and illustrated with examples of big data entrepreneurial firms
A new Algorithm Based on Factorization for Heterogeneous Domain Decomposition
Often computational models are too expensive to be solved in the entire
domain of simulation, and a cheaper model would suffice away from the main zone
of interest. We present for the concrete example of an evolution problem of
advection reaction diffusion type a heterogeneous domain decomposition
algorithm which allows us to recover a solution that is very close to the
solution of the fully viscous problem, but solves only an inviscid problem in
parts of the domain. Our new algorithm is based on the factorization of the
underlying differential operator, and we therefore call it factorization
algorithm. We give a detailed error analysis, and show that we can obtain
approximations in the viscous region which are much closer to the viscous
solution in the entire domain of simulation than approximations obtained by
other heterogeneous domain decomposition algorithms from the literature.Comment: 23 page
Optimized Schwarz Methods for Maxwell equations
Over the last two decades, classical Schwarz methods have been extended to
systems of hyperbolic partial differential equations, and it was observed that
the classical Schwarz method can be convergent even without overlap in certain
cases. This is in strong contrast to the behavior of classical Schwarz methods
applied to elliptic problems, for which overlap is essential for convergence.
Over the last decade, optimized Schwarz methods have been developed for
elliptic partial differential equations. These methods use more effective
transmission conditions between subdomains, and are also convergent without
overlap for elliptic problems. We show here why the classical Schwarz method
applied to the hyperbolic problem converges without overlap for Maxwell's
equations. The reason is that the method is equivalent to a simple optimized
Schwarz method for an equivalent elliptic problem. Using this link, we show how
to develop more efficient Schwarz methods than the classical ones for the
Maxwell's equations. We illustrate our findings with numerical results
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