Chaff systems – merits and problems

Non-Peer Reviewe

New initiatives in wind erosion monitoring

Non-Peer Reviewe

Abrasion Caused by Three Methods of Toothbrushing

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141730/1/jper0434.pd

miR-16 and miR-21 Expression in the Placenta Is Associated with Fetal Growth

BACKGROUND: Novel research has suggested that altered miRNA expression in the placenta is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and with potentially harmful xenobiotic exposures. We hypothesized that aberrant expression of miRNA in the placenta is associated with fetal growth, a measurable phenotype resulting from a number of intrauterine factors, and one which is significantly predictive of later life outcomes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We analyzed 107 primary, term, human placentas for expression of 6 miRNA reported to be expressed in the placenta and to regulate cell growth and development pathways: miR-16, miR-21, miR-93, miR-135b, miR-146a, and miR-182. The expression of miR-16 and miR-21 was markedly reduced in infants with the lowest birthweights (p<0.05). Logistic regression models suggested that low expression of miR-16 in the placenta predicts an over 4-fold increased odds of small for gestational age (SGA) status (p = 0.009, 95% CI = 1.42, 12.05). Moreover, having both low miR-16 and low miR-21 expression in the placenta predicts a greater increase in odds for SGA than having just low miR-16 or miR-21 expression (p<0.02), suggesting an additive effect of both of these miRNA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study is one of the first to investigate placental miRNA expression profiles associated with birthweight and SGA status. Future research on miRNA whose expression is associated with in utero exposures and markers of fetal growth is essential for better understanding the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the developmental origins of health and disease

Structure and Innervation of the Extrahepatic Biliary System in the Australian Possum, Trichosurus Vulpecula

The morphology, microanatomy and innervation of the biliary tree of the Australian possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, was examined. The gross morphology of the gallbladder, hepatic and cystic ducts, and the course of the common bile duct, conforms to those of other species. The sphincter of Oddi has an extraduodenal segment that extends 15mm from the duodenal wall; within this segment the pancreatic and common bile ducts are ensheathed together by sphincter muscle. Their lumens unite to form a common channel within the terminal intraduodenal segment

Seven-month developmental outcomes of very low birth weight infants enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of delayed versus immediate cord clamping

Objective: The results from our previous trial revealed that infants with delayed cord clamping (DCC) had significantly lesser intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and late-onset sepsis (LOS) than infants with immediate cord clamping (ICC). A priori, we hypothesized that infants with DCC would have better motor function by 7 months corrected age. Study Design: Infants between 24 and 31 weeks were randomized to ICC or DCC and follow-up evaluation was completed at 7 months corrected age. Result: We found no differences in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) scores between the DCC and ICC groups. However, a regression model of effects of DCC on motor scores controlling for gestational age, IVH, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis and male gender suggested higher motor scores of male infants with DCC. Conclusion: DCC at birth seems to be protective of very low birth weight male infants against motor disability at 7 months corrected age

Interaction between toothbrushes and toothpaste abrasive particles in simulated tooth cleaning

There are currently many toothbrush designs on the market incorporating different filament configurations such as filaments at various angles and different lengths and made from several different materials. In order to understand how the tooth cleaning process occurs there is a need to investigate in detail how the abrasive particles in a toothpaste interact with the filaments in a teeth cleaning contact and cause material removal from a plaque or stain layer. The following describes the development of optical apparatus to enable the visualisation of simulated teeth cleaning contacts. Studies have been carried out using the apparatus to investigate particle entrainment into the contact and how it differs with varying bristle configurations. The effects of filament stiffness and tip shape were also investigated. Various types of electric toothbrushes were also tested. The studies have shown how particles are trapped at the tips of toothbrush filaments. Particles, suspended in fluid, approach the filament tips, as they pass through they may become trapped. Greater particle entrainment into the filament tip contact occurs with a reciprocating action at low filament loads and deflections than with a sliding motion. Large particles are less likely to enter tip contacts and are trapped between tips or under the filament bend at higher loads. Whether the particles are likely to be trapped and how long they remain so depends on the filament stiffness and degree of splay on loading and the filament configuration. The direction the filaments point in, the number of filaments in a tuft, the spacing of the tufts and the way the filaments splay when deflected all have an influence on entrainment of particles. Tufts with tightly packed stiff filaments which deflected together on loading were more effective at trapping particles than more flexible filaments that splayed out on loading as they present more of a barrier to particle entry and exit from the tip region

In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence for Lack of Endovascular Remodeling by Third Trimester Trophoblasts

The placental–decidual interaction through invading trophoblasts determines whether a physiological transformation of the uterine spiral arteries is established or not. Trophoblast-orchestrated artery remodeling is central to normal placentation. Dysregulated uteroplacental interaction and vascular remodeling are thought to be associated with the molecular events underlying the pathology of late pregnancy anomalies including preeclampsia. Although the exact gestational age at which trophoblast invasion ceases is not known, it remains unclear whether late pregnancy trophoblasts retain the ability to transform the uterine arteries. Here, we have developed a dual cell, in vitro culture system that mimics the vascular remodeling events during normal pregnancy. We demonstrate that first and third trimester trophoblasts respond differentially to interactive signals from endothelial cells when cultured on matrigel. Term primary trophoblasts or immortalized third trimester extravillous TCL1 trophoblasts not only fail to respond to signals from endothelial cells but also inhibit endothelial cell tube formation. In contrast, HTR8 cells, representing a first trimester trophoblast cell line with invasive properties, undergo spontaneous migration and synchronize with the endothelial cells in a capillary network. This disparity in behavior was confirmed in vivo using a matrigel plug assay. Poor expression of VEGF C and VEGF receptors coupled with high E-cadherin expression by term primary trophoblasts and TCL1 cells contributed to their restricted interactive and migratory properties. We further show that the kinase activity of VEGF R2 is essential for proactive crosstalk by HTR8 cells. This unique behavior of first trimester trophoblasts in the presence of endothelial cells offers a potential approach to study cell–cell interactions and to decipher modulatory components in the serum samples from adverse pregnancy outcomes

Delayed Cord Clamping in Very Preterm Infants Reduces the Incidence of Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Late-Onset Sepsis: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Objective: This study compared the effects of immediate (ICC) and delayed (DCC) cord clamping on very low birth weight (VLBW) infants on 2 primary variables: bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and suspected necrotizing enterocolitis (SNEC). Other outcome variables were late-onset sepsis (LOS) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Study Design: This was a randomized, controlled unmasked trial in which women in labor with singleton fetuses \u3c32 weeks’ gestation were randomly assigned to ICC (cord clamped at 5–10 seconds) or DCC (30–45 seconds) groups. Women were excluded for the following reasons: their obstetrician refused to participate, major congenital anomalies, multiple gestations, intent to withhold care, severe maternal illnesses, placenta abruption or previa, or rapid delivery after admission. Results: Seventy-two mother/infant pairs were randomized. Infants in the ICC and DCC groups weighed 1151 and 1175 g, and mean gestational ages were 28.2 and 28.3 weeks, respectively. Analyses revealed no difference in maternal and infant demographic, clinical, and safety variables. There were no differences in the incidence of our primary outcomes (BPD and suspected NEC). However, significant differences were found between the ICC and DCC groups in the rates of IVH and LOS. Two of the 23 male infants in the DCC group had IVH versus 8 of the 19 in the ICC group. No cases of sepsis occurred in the 23 boys in the DCC group, whereas 6 of the 19 boys in the ICC group had confirmed sepsis. There was a trend toward higher initial hematocrit in the infants in the DCC group. Conclusions: Delayed cord clamping seems to protect VLBW infants from IVH and LOS, especially for male infants