The Environmental Bioethics of Space Travel: ‘Alien’ Bodies in C. S. Lewis’ Cosmic Trilogy

C. S. Lewis lived through numerous significant historic events. Notably, he was alive during the space race and spoke to the potential philosophical and ethical dilemmas that may arise through space travel, especially concerning contact with ‘alien’ life. While the idea may be found in other parts of his oeuvre, Lewis explicitly considers space travel and contact with aliens in The Cosmic Trilogy. His texts offer unique perspectives on space travel that is not centric to the earth-born ‘human,’ rather it notes man’s destructive attitudes towards progress and the potential harms man may enact on other sentient beings and environments without a proper ethical framework in place. This paper seeks to introduce reading bodies at the intersection of the ‘alien’ and environmental bioethics due to their shared consideration of bodies fraught with ethical dilemmas. In Lewis’ Cosmic Trilogy the body appears to symbiotically relate to the environment: unnatural, ‘evil’ bodies exist in polluted and degenerated environments, while the reverse holds true as well. Throughout the series, the bodies of Weston and Devine are situated as ‘alien’, ‘evil’, and ‘corrupted’. For instance, in Out of the Silent Planet rather than the Martians, the men Weston and Devine attempt to wreak havoc and destruction throughout Mars due to their colonial endeavours. Their attitudes are juxtaposed by the symbiotic nature of the ‘alien’ ‘Hnau’ (sentient beings) of Malacandra (Mars). The text clarifies that through an ethical framework the ‘Hnau’ retain balance through the symbiotic space inhabited by the ‘uncorrupted’ beings contrasted by the devastated landscape where unethical beings once lived. Thus, bodies are presented as the incarnate evidence of beings functioning or existing ‘un-bioethically’ in the environment. Furthermore, in Perelandra, Weston’s ‘corrupted’ body is possessed and attempts to harm the ethical and ecological balance of Venus, which ultimately culminates in the destruction of his body due to bioethical err. In the final book of the series, That Hideous Strength, Devine is engaged in the N.I.C.E.’s plot against all bodies including the ‘alien,’ human, animal, and earth that means to ‘cleanse’ the world of their organic matter. This paper shall provide an environmental bioethical examination of the ‘alien’ figures in The Cosmic Trilogy and draw insights therein

Analytisch-psychologische conceptualisatie van het symbolische bij C.G. Jung

De Analytische Psychologie en de Vrijmetselarij zijn twee relatief onbekende fenomenen. Dit proefschrift onderzoekt of de symbolen, riten en mythen van de Vrijmetselarij verklaard kunnen worden vanuit de Analytische Psychologie van Carl Gustav Jung. "Symbolen, riten en mythen noemen we het "Symbolische" van de Vrijmetselarij

Cloaked in Shadow: The Biopolitics of Sauron’s Middle-Hell

This paper considers hellish aspects of The Lord of the Rings through an environmental bioethical framework focusing on the intersection of biopolitics, race, and ecology. Key figures that shall be examined include Sauron, Saruman, Uruk-hai, and the body of Middle-earth. Sauron shall be read as a Hades figure; they share numerous connections, such as their domain is hell, influence over invisibility (Hades’ cloak and Sauron’s Ring), characterization of giver of gifts, possession of dead bodies, and connection to the earth’s fertility (or lack). Sauron’s possession over dead bodies arises from the necropolitical power he incites over bodies in his sphere which causes them to exist in a state of living death. This biopolitical state inspires Sauron’s underlings, such as Saruman, to enact racially charged genetic experimentation on the bodies to create the Uruk-hai, whilst simultaneously degrading and ruining the ecological balance of Isengard and thus the body of Middle-earth. A hell on Middle-earth, or ‘Middle-hell’, is created through the enactment of unethical biopolitics that harm the bodies and ecology of Middle-earth. Reading the hellish landscapes in Middle-earth through an environmental bioethical lens may allow readings that explore the intersections arising therein

Extramuscular Recording of Spontaneous EMG Activity and Transcranial Electrical Elicited Motor Potentials in Horses:Characteristics of Different Subcutaneous and Surface Electrode Types and Practical Guidelines

Introduction: Adhesive surface electrodes are worthwhile to explore in detail as alternative to subcutaneous needle electrodes to assess myogenic evoked potentials (MEP) in human and horses. Extramuscular characteristics of both electrode types and different brands are compared in simultaneous recordings by also considering electrode impedances and background noise under not mechanically secured (not taped) and taped conditions. Methods: In five ataxic and one non-ataxic horses, transcranial electrical MEPs, myographic activity, and noise were simultaneously recorded from subcutaneous needle (three brands) together with pre-gelled surface electrodes (five brands) on four extremities. In three horses, the impedances of four adjacent-placed surface-electrode pairs of different brands were measured and compared. The similarity between needle and surface EMGs was assessed by cross-correlation functions, pairwise comparison of motor latency times (MLT), and amplitudes. The influence of electrode noise and impedance on the signal quality was assessed by a failure rate (FR) function. Geometric means and impedance ranges under not taped and taped conditions were derived for each brand. Results: High coherencies between EMGs of needle-surface pairs degraded to 0.7 at moderate and disappeared at strong noise. MLTs showed sub-millisecond simultaneous differences while sequential variations were several milliseconds. Subcutaneous MEP amplitudes were somewhat lower than epidermal. The impedances of subcutaneous needle electrodes were below 900 Ω and FR = 0. For four brands, the FR for surface electrodes was between 0 and 80% and declined to below 25% after taping. A remaining brand (27G DSN2260 Medtronic) revealed impedances over 100 kΩ and FR = 100% under not taped and taped conditions. Conclusion: Subcutaneous needle and surface electrodes yield highly coherent EMGs and TES-MEP signals. When taped and allowing sufficient settling time, adhesive surface-electrode signals may approach the signal quality of subcutaneous needle electrodes but still depend on unpredictable conditions of the skin. The study provides a new valuable practical guidance for selection of extramuscular EMG electrodes. This study on horses shares common principles for the choice of adhesive surface or sc needle electrodes in human applications such as in intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of motor functions of the brain and spinal cord

Projected Power Iteration for Network Alignment

The network alignment problem asks for the best correspondence between two given graphs, so that the largest possible number of edges are matched. This problem appears in many scientific problems (like the study of protein-protein interactions) and it is very closely related to the quadratic assignment problem which has graph isomorphism, traveling salesman and minimum bisection problems as particular cases. The graph matching problem is NP-hard in general. However, under some restrictive models for the graphs, algorithms can approximate the alignment efficiently. In that spirit the recent work by Feizi and collaborators introduce EigenAlign, a fast spectral method with convergence guarantees for Erd\H{o}s-Reny\'i graphs. In this work we propose the algorithm Projected Power Alignment, which is a projected power iteration version of EigenAlign. We numerically show it improves the recovery rates of EigenAlign and we describe the theory that may be used to provide performance guarantees for Projected Power Alignment.Comment: 8 page

Comparison of muscle MEPs from transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation and appearance of reflexes in horses

Introduction Transcranial electrical (TES) and magnetic stimulation (TMS) are both used for assessment of the motor function of the spinal cord in horses. Muscular motor evoked potentials (mMEP) were compared intra-individually for both techniques in five healthy horses. mMEPs were measured twice at increasing stimulation intensity steps over the extensor carpi radialis (ECR), tibialis cranialis (TC), and caninus muscles. Significance was set atp< 0.05. To support the hypothesis that both techniques induce extracranially elicited mMEPs, literature was also reviewed. Results Both techniques show the presence of late mMEPs below the transcranial threshold appearing as extracranially elicited startle responses. The occurrence of these late mMEPs is especially important for interpretation of TMS tracings when coil misalignment can have an additional influence. Mean transcranial motor latency times (MLT; synaptic delays included) and conduction velocities (CV) of the ECR and TC were significantly different between both techniques: respectively, 4.2 and 5.5 ms (MLTTMS--MLTTES), and -7.7 and -9.9 m/s (CVTMS-CVTES). TMS and TES show intensity-dependent latency decreases of, respectively, -2.6 (ECR) and -2.7 ms (TC)/30% magnetic intensity and -2.6 (ECR) and -3.2 (TC) ms/30V. When compared to TMS, TES shows the lowest coefficients of variation and highest reproducibility and accuracy for MLTs. This is ascribed to the fact that TES activates a lower number of cascaded interneurons, allows for multipulse stimulation, has an absence of coil repositioning errors, and has less sensitivity for varying degrees of background muscle tonus. Real axonal conduction times and conduction velocities are most closely approximated by TES. Conclusion Both intracranial and extracranial mMEPs inevitably carry characteristics of brainstem reflexes. To avoid false interpretations, transcranial mMEPs can be identified by a stepwise latency shortening of 15-20 ms when exceeding the transcranial motor threshold at increasing stimulation intensities. A ring block around the vertex is advised to reduce interference by extracranial mMEPs. mMEPs reflect the functional integrity of the route along the brainstem nuclei, extrapyramidal motor tracts, propriospinal neurons, and motoneurons. The corticospinal tract appears subordinate in horses. TMS and TES are interchangeable for assessing the functional integrity of motor functions of the spinal cord. However, TES reveals significantly shorter MLTs, higher conduction velocities, and better reproducibility

Multipulse transcranial electrical stimulation (TES):Normative data for motor evoked potentials in healthy horses

Background: There are indications that transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) assesses the motor function of the spinal cord in horses in a more sensitive and reproducible fashion than transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, no normative data of TES evoked motor potentials (MEP) is available. In this prospective study normative data of TES induced MEP wave characteristics (motor latency times (MLT); amplitude and waveform) was obtained from the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) and tibial cranialis (TC) muscles in a group of healthy horses to create a reference frame for functional diagnostic purposes. For the 12 horses involved in the study 95% confidence intervals for MLTs were 16.1-22.6 ms and 31.9-41.1 ms for ECR and TC muscles respectively. Intraindividual coefficients of variation (CV) and mean of MLTs were: ECR: 2.2-8,2% and 4.5% and TC: 1.4-6.3% and 3.5% respectively. Inter-individual CVs for MLTs were higher, though below 10% on all occasions. The mean +/- sd of MEP amplitudes was respectively 3.61 +/- 2.55 mV (ECR muscle left) and 4.53 +/- 3.1 mV (right) and 2.66 +/- 2.22 mV (TC muscle left) and 2.55 +/- 1.85 mV (right). MLTs showed no significant left versus right differences. All MLTs showed significant (p < 0.05) voltage dependent decreases with slope coefficients of linear regression for ECR: 0.049; - 0.061 ms/V and TC: - 0.082; - 0.089 ms/V (left; right). There was a positive correlation found between height at withers and MLTs in all 4 muscle groups. Finally, reliable assessment of MEP characteristics was for all muscle groups restricted to a transcranial time window of approximately 15-19 ms. Conclusions: TES is a novel and sensitive technique to assess spinal motor function in horses. It is easy applicable and highly reproducible. This study provides normative data in healthy horses on TES induced MEPs in the extensor carpi radialis and tibialis cranialis muscles bilaterally. No significant differences between MLTs of the left and right side could be demonstrated. A significant effect of stimulation voltage on MLTs was found. No significant effect of height at the withers could be found based upon the results of the current study. A study in which both TMS and TES are applied on the same group of horses is needed

The Effect of Partially Exposed Connective Tissue Graft on Root‐Coverage Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

The aim of this systematic review was to compare the root‐coverage outcomes of using a partially exposed connective tissue graft (CTG) technique with a fully covered CTG technique for root coverage. An electronic search up to February 28th, 2017, was performed to identify human clinical studies with data comparing outcomes of root coverage using CTG, with and without a partially exposed graft. Five clinical studies were selected for inclusion in this review. For each study, the gain of keratinized gingiva, reduction of recession depth, number of surgical sites achieving complete root coverage, percentage of root coverage, gain of tissue thickness, and changes of probing depth and clinical attachment level were recorded. Meta‐analysis for the comparison of complete root coverage between the two techniques presented no statistically significant differences. A statistically significant gain of keratinized tissue in favor of the sites with an exposed CTG and a tendency of greater reduction in recession depth were seen at the sites with a fully covered CTG. Based on the results, the use of a partially exposed CTG in root‐coverage procedures could achieve greater gain in keratinized gingiva, while a fully covered CTG might be indicated for procedures aiming to reduce recession depth