The discovery of lymphatic system as a turning point in medical knowledge: Aselli, Pecquet and the end of hepatocentrism

In this paper, I would like to analyse the impact of the discovery of lymphatic system on the development of the modern conception of human body. The discovery of lymphatics, as that of blood circulation, has in fact questioned important tenets of Galen's anatomo-physiology. Galen defended a 'dualistic conception' of the blood: he distinguished two different systems, the hepatic-venous system and the cardio-arterial one. The liver played a pivotal role because it was believed to transform the chyle received by the portal vein into venous blood. The discovery of lymphatics challenged this view: 17th-century anatomical dissections and experiments, starting with the discovery of milky veins by Gaspare Aselli (1581-1625) and the studies on thoracic duct by Jean Pecquet (1622-1674), irrefutably showed that the chyle does not pour out in the liver and that, consequently, the liver does not produce blood

Skylab experimental performance evaluation manual. Appendix Q: Experiment T-013 crew/vehicle disturbances (MSFC/LaRC)

A series of analyses to be used for evaluating the performance of the Skylab corollary experiments under preflight, inflight, and postflight conditions is given. Experiment contingency plan workaround procedure and malfunction analyses are presented in order to assist in making the experiment operationally successful

Limits on the Network Sensitivity Function for Multi-Agent Systems on a Graph

This report explores the tradeoffs and limits of performance in feedback control of interconnected multi-agent systems, focused on the network sensitivity functions. We consider the interaction topology described by a directed graph and we prove that the sensitivity transfer functions between every pair of agents, arbitrarily connected, can be derived using a version of the Mason's Direct Rule. Explicit forms for special types of graphs are presented. An analysis of the role of cycles points out that these structures influence and limit considerably the performance of the system. The more the cycles are equally distributed among the formation, the better performance the system can achieve, but they are always worse than the single agent case. We also prove the networked version of Bode's integral formula, showing that it still holds for multi-agent systems

Splendore, Alfonso

Voce biografica sul medico Alfonso Splendore (1871-1953

Sperino, Casimiro

Voce biografica sul medico Casimiro Sperino (1812-1894)

Santorini, Giovanni Domenico

Voce biografica sul medico e anatomista veneziano Giovanni Domenico Santorini (1681-1737)

Fundraising and online marketing: how social media have an impact on the growth of a charity organization

The main aim of this dissertation is to study how digital marketing techniques can be implemented in the fundraising strategy of non-profit organizations, and how to face the transition from an old school fundraising approach to a digital one. During the past decade, the internet and social media deeply changed the way non-profit organizations approach fundraising. Digital communication became quick, multilateral and dynamic, thus making the mass communication techniques adopted until that period obsolete. In this context, organizations must adapt to be able to implement successful marketing strategies and collect the funds necessary for their own development. The biggest challenges are the lack of specialized professional figures in digital fundraising and the difficulty in keeping up with the rapid digital developments in the communication and marketing field. This dissertation is divided into 6 main parts: The introduction, where the topic and the aim of the work are presented. Chapter 1, addressing academic background for fundraising and the challenges that currently exist in the digital world. Chapter 2, giving an overview of the current situation of digital adoption across non-profits all over the world. Chapter 3, where the differences between the main social media platforms are presented, as well as the guidelines to use them in order to produce an effective content strategy. Chapter 4, where strategies and best practices of non-profit digital fundraising are analyzed in details and compared with the classical methods. The conclusion, where recommendations for regulators and practitioners are presented.O principal objetivo desta dissertação é estudar como as técnicas de marketing digital podem ser implementadas na estratégia de captação de recursos de organizações sem fins lucrativos e como enfrentar a transição de uma captação de recursos da velha escola para a digital. Durante a década passada, a internet e as mídias sociais mudaram profundamente a maneira como as organizações sem fins lucrativos abordam a captação de recursos. A comunicação digital tornou-se rápida, multilateral e dinâmica, tornando obsoletas as técnicas de comunicação de massa adotadas até aquele período. Nesse contexto, as organizações precisam ser capazes de implementar estratégias de marketing bem-sucedidas e coletar os fundos necessários para seu próprio desenvolvimento. Os maiores desafios são a falta de profissionais especializados em captação de recursos digitais e a dificuldade de acompanhar os rápidos desenvolvimentos digitais no campo da comunicação e marketing. A dissertação está dividida em 6 partes principais: A introdução, onde são apresentados o tópico e o objetivo do trabalho. Capítulo 1, abordando a formação acadêmica para captação de recursos e os desafios que existem atualmente no mundo digital. Capítulo 2, fornecendo uma visão geral da situação atual da adoção digital em organizações sem fins lucrativos em todo o mundo. Capítulo 3, onde são apresentadas as diferenças entre as principais plataformas de mídia social, bem como as diretrizes para usá-las para produzir uma estratégia de conteúdo eficaz. Capítulo 4, onde estratégias e melhores práticas de captação de recursos digitais sem fins lucrativos são analisadas em detalhes e comparadas com os métodos clássicos. As conclusões, onde são apresentadas recomendações para reguladores e profissionais

Assessment of a percutaneous iliosacral screw insertion simulator.

International audienceBACKGROUND: Navigational simulator use for specialized training purposes is rather uncommon in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. However, it reveals providing a valuable tool to train orthopaedic surgeons and help them to plan complex surgical procedures. PURPOSE: This work's objective was to assess educational efficiency of a path simulator under fluoroscopic guidance applied to sacroiliac joint percutaneous screw fixation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 23 surgeons' accuracy inserting a guide-wire in a human cadaver experiment, following a pre-established procedure. These medical trainees were defined in three prospective respects: novice or skilled; with or without theoretical knowledge; with or without surgical procedure familiarity. Analysed criteria for each tested surgeon included the number of intraoperative X-rays taken in order to achieve the surgical procedure as well as an iatrogenic index reflecting the surgeon's ability to detect any hazardous trajectory at the time of performing said procedure. RESULTS: An average number of 13 X-rays was required for wire implantation by the G1 group. G2 group, assisted by the simulator use, required an average of 10 X-rays. A substantial difference was especially observed within the novice sub-group (N), with an average of 12.75 X-rays for the G1 category and an average of 8.5 X-rays for the G2 category. As far as the iatrogenic index is concerned, we were unable to observe any significant difference between the groups