ADOLESCENTES EM CONFLITO COM A LEI E O ATO INFRACIONAL: A RELAÇÃO COM A EVASÃO ESCOLAR NO OLHAR DO SOCIOEDUCANDO DA UNIDADE DE ATENDIMENTO EM MEIO ABERTO DO PLANO PILOTO DE BRASÍLIA/DF/BRASIL

Objetivou-se com este estudo analisar os dilemas vivenciados na escola que implicam na evasão escolar dos adolescentes em conflito com a lei que se encontram cumprindo medidas socioeducativas na Unidade de Atendimento em Meio Aberto do Plano Piloto. Com acesso e permanência à educação, as medidas socioeducativas possam auxiliar na recuperação dos jovens infratores, motivo pelo qual houve o interesse em aprofundar-se sobre esta temática. Para tanto, foram buscadas fundamentações de aportes teóricos por renomados autores e pesquisas que abordam essa temática, tais como Monteiro e Alves (2012), Méndez (2006), ECA (1990), CF (1988), entre outros, não menos relevantes para esta investigação. Partimos de uma pesquisa descritiva, transversal e com enfoque qualitativo. A técnica e instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram a documental, por meio, dos prontuários dos adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa e da entrevista semiestruturada com 25 (vinte e cinco) adolescentes que se encontram em conflito com a lei e 03 (três) especialistas que os acompanham no cumprimento da medida socioeducativa, na unidade lócus da pesquisa. Concluímos que ações voltadas à manutenção das crianças e adolescentes na escola, o fortalecimento da família e estratégias de combate ao uso de drogas podem contribuir para impedir que elas entrem na criminalidade e que há necessidade de mais investimentos estatais na estrutura dos estabelecimentos de medidas socioeducativas, muitos dos quais carecem de pessoal e infraestrutura adequadas para promover a ressocialização desses adolescentes

Peso materno em gestantes de baixo risco na atenção pré-natal

Objectives: To evaluate the nutritional status of low-risk pregnant women during prenatal, characterize the sociodemographic profile and quantify the patients with inadequate weight. Methods: Observational, prospective in low-risk pregnant women in Aracaju health centers, Sergipe, from March to June 2014. The evaluation followed the nutritional standards recommended by the Ministry of Health (MOH) and was conducted in three consultations consecutive, where the body mass index (BMI) was calculated by the researcher. Socioeconomic and gestational data of the patients were placed on a special form. Statistical analysis was performed using the EPI-INFO software, made distribution tables of frequencies and performed association testing variables. Results: 188 pregnant women were selected, of these 150 were eligible. The average age was 26 years, with standard deviation of 6.53. The average pre-pregnancy weight was 56.3 kg (± 20.8), average weights in the first, second and third reviews were 65.17 kg (± 12.8), 67.56 kg (± 12.9 ) and 69.97 kg (± 12.6), respectively. The pregnant woman’s card filling was incomplete in 63% of cases. In the pre-pregnancy period, 14% were malnourished and 14% obese. A significant association between BMI identified in the consultations and the inadequacy of pre-pregnancy BMI (p <0.01). Conclusions: Most of the women had BMI changed during the evaluations. Prenatal card filling proved inadequate, but there was no association with BMI during pregnancy. The factor related to pregnancy BMI change was the pre-pregnancy BMI inappropriate

Análise micológica de sementes de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea) caseiras e industrializadas comercializadas em Fortaleza, Ceará

The peanut is an oleaginous native of South America. The species used in human alimentation, Arachis hypogaea, is highly commercialized in industrialized or homemade varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the mycological contamination of industrialized and homemade samples of peanuts, providing the possible interferences and harms to human health. To make this experiment possible, 3 industrialized samples sold in supermarkets were collected, and 3 homemade samples, both sold in Fortaleza, Ceará. The samples were brought to the Mycological Laboratory of Ceará State University and the procedures for the analysis were made using the plating method. All the analyzed samples, homemade and industrialized, exhibited a fungal growth, evidencing the presence of the following genus and species: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp. and Penicillium sp. The fungal finding can be connected to mycosis and the production of aflatoxines, which are harmful to humans. It was concluded that the analyzed peanuts presented a vast fungal contamination and that they can be responsible for compromising consumers’ health. Consequently, a greater control is advisable in the manipulation process peanut storage process, aiming to make sure the food is safe to the general population.O amendoim é uma oleaginosa originária da América do Sul. A espécie utilizada na alimentação humana, Arachis hypogaea, é bastante comercializada na forma industrializada ou caseira. Este estudo visou avaliar a contaminação micológica de amostras de amendoim industrializados e caseiros, determinando as possíveis interferências e os malefícios para a saúde humana. Para a realização do presente estudo, obteve-se a coleta de três amostras industrializadas, comercializadas em supermercados, e três amostras caseiras, vendidas por ambulantes, ambas encontradas na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Elas foram levadas ao Laboratório de Microbiologia na Universidade Estadual do Ceará e os procedimentos para análise micológica foram realizados pelo método de plaqueamento. Todas as amostras analisadas em triplicada, tanto caseiras quanto industrializadas, apresentaram crescimento fúngico, constatando-se, em geral, a presença dos seguintes gêneros e espécies: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp. e Penicillium sp. Os achados fúngicos podem estar relacionados a micoses, além da produção de aflatoxinas prejudiciais à saúde humana. Concluiu-se que os amendoins analisados apresentaram uma ampla contaminação fúngica, podendo ser responsáveis pelo comprometimento da saúde dos consumidores. Consequentemente, aconselha-se um maior controle nos processos de manipulação e armazenamento de amendoins, objetivando a garantia da segurança alimentar da população

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view - and subsequent provision - of quality health care for all populations

Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress

Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. METHODS: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10-54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10-14 years and 50-54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15-19 years and 45-49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories

Molecular genetics as a tool for fisheries management in the Brazilian Amazon: Piraíba (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum and Brachyplatystoma capapretum) (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in white-water rivers

Specimens from two fish species commonly known as piraíba (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum and Brachyplatystoma capapretum) were sampled from fish landings in nine white-water river channel regions of the Brazilian Amazon. We genetically characterized these specimens, through sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Of the 337 samples collected, 66.77% belonged to B. filamentosum, while the remaining 33.23% belonged to B. capapretum. For both species, the haplotype diversity (Hd) values were high (>0.95). However, the nucleotide diversity (π) was higher in B. filamentosum (0.0118) than in B. capapretum (0.0041). We compared these values with the nucleotide diversity values of the control regions of other Amazonian fish species being overexploited or at risk of overexploitation

Potentiation of Antibiotic Action and Efflux Pump Inhibitory Effect on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains by Solasodine

A worrisome fact is the increase in microbial resistance, which has as its main cause the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. Scientific studies have investigated bioactive compounds such as steroidal sapogenins, in the perspective of new beneficial alternatives for the control of bacterial resistance. Therefore, the objective of this work was to verify the antibacterial activity as well as the modifying action of antibiotics associated with solasodine and its ability to inhibit the efflux pump mechanism in strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Tests were performed to verify the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In addition, the action-modifying potential of antibiotics and the inhibitory capacity of the efflux pump NorA and MepA through synergistic effects on the antibiotic and ethidium bromide were evaluated. Solasodine showed significant results for the standard bacteria with an MIC of 512 μg/mL, and when associated with the antibiotics gentamicin and nofloxacin for the multidrug-resistant bacteria S. aureus 10, Escherichia coli 06, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 24, it showed a 50% reduction in MIC. The association of solasodine with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin against S. aureus K2068 (MepA) showed synergism, with a reduction in the MIC of the antibiotic from 64 μg/mL to 40 μg/mL, and also a reduction in the MIC when the antibiotic was used in conjunction with the efflux pump inhibitors. Solasodine may be acting on the mechanism of action of the antibiotic, as it has shown a potentiating effect when associated with antibiotics, inducing a reduction in the MIC against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, this study demonstrated significant results for the potentiating action of solasodine when associated with antibiotics of clinical importance

Educomunicação e Direitos Humanos: Caminhos da Sociedade Midiática pelos Direitos Humanos

O contexto social crescentemente midiático tem favorecido práticas e reflexões acerca da relação entre comunicação e educação, seja no campo prático do cotidiano, seja em ações científico-culturais lideradas por diferentes instituições. Mais recentemente, diversos cursos de formação de profissionais para estarem aptos à exploração de recursos, metodologias e estratégias de atuação COMUNICACIONAL em diferentes áreas têm surgidos com o objetivo de atender à demanda por especialistas que transitam nas interfaces da comunicação/educação. É neste contexto que o Seminário Anhembi Morumbi de Comunicação e Educação foi criado em 2014 com o objetivo de colaborar para a articulação de esforços de profissionais e instituições que atuam na pesquisa, no ensino e na ação social, envolvidos diretamente nas interfaces da comunicação/educação. A Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, através desta proposta, estabelece parceria com a ABPEducom – Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores e Profissionais da Educomunicação, e com o NCE/USP - Núcleo de Comunicação e Educação da USP, a fim de viabilizarem oportunidades para seus profissionais e a sociedade como um todo de troca de experiências e conhecimentos, bem como uma forma de somar esforços pela atualização e formação profissional de qualidade, capaz de atender às novas demandas sociais