Cosmic voids are emptier in the presence of symmetron's domain walls

The symmetron field has an environment (density) dependent behavior which is a common feature of the models with the screening mechanism and results in a rich phenomenology. This model can produce domain walls between regions with different densities. We consider this aspect and study the physics of domain walls in between (underdensity) voids and (overdensity) halo structures. The (spherical) domain walls exert a repulsive force on a test mass outside of the wall while a test mass inside of the wall sees no force. This makes the structures outside the voids go further to a larger radius. Effectively, this means the voids are becoming larger in this scenario in comparison to the standard model of cosmology. Interestingly, this makes voids emptier which may shed light on Peebles' void phenomenon.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, comments are welcom

Nutritional Status of Infants and Some Related Risk Factors in Shahroud, Iran

Background: This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of children under two years old in two time periods in 1995 and 2016 in rural areas of Shahroud.Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive analytical study enrolled 1443 participants selected by cluster sampling in 1995 and 2016. We calculated the mean standard deviation of weight for age, height for age, and weight for height and compared them with international reference values (WHO/NCHS). The obtained values which were two standard deviations below the mean reference values were defined as wasting, underweight, and stunting. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05 using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and regression analysis.Results: In this study, 1443 children under two years old were studied over two time periods in 1995 and 2016. The results showed 14.9%, 29.5%, and 7.3%, in 1995 and 9.2%, 10.1%, and 4% in 2016 suffered from underweight, wasting, and stunting, respectively. Among the factors involved in malnutrition in 1995 were parents’ education, family size, child gender, birth order, type of the first complementary food, diarrhea, acute respiratory infection in the two weeks prior to the study, and exclusive breastfeeding. In 2016, we observed significant relationships between the body mass index (BMI), underweight, wasting, exclusive breastfeeding, and all three types of malnutrition.Conclusions: Despite a reduction in the prevalence of different types of malnutrition, it is still a common problem. When designing such programs, special attention must be paid to promote breastfeeding

Nutritional Status of Infants and Some Related Risk Factors in Shahroud, Iran

Background: This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of children under two years old in two time periods in 1995 and 2016 in rural areas of Shahroud.Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive analytical study enrolled 1443 participants selected by cluster sampling in 1995 and 2016. We calculated the mean standard deviation of weight for age, height for age, and weight for height and compared them with international reference values (WHO/NCHS). The obtained values which were two standard deviations below the mean reference values were defined as wasting, underweight, and stunting. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05 using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and regression analysis.Results: In this study, 1443 children under two years old were studied over two time periods in 1995 and 2016. The results showed 14.9%, 29.5%, and 7.3%, in 1995 and 9.2%, 10.1%, and 4% in 2016 suffered from underweight, wasting, and stunting, respectively. Among the factors involved in malnutrition in 1995 were parents’ education, family size, child gender, birth order, type of the first complementary food, diarrhea, acute respiratory infection in the two weeks prior to the study, and exclusive breastfeeding. In 2016, we observed significant relationships between the body mass index (BMI), underweight, wasting, exclusive breastfeeding, and all three types of malnutrition.Conclusions: Despite a reduction in the prevalence of different types of malnutrition, it is still a common problem. When designing such programs, special attention must be paid to promote breastfeeding

Prevalence and Covariates of Metabolic Syndrome among Elderly People Living in Nursing Homes, Semnan, Iran

Backgrounds: The study aimed to determine the prevalence and covariates of metabolic syndrome among the elderly residents in nursing homes in Semnan Province, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among aged participants institutionalized in nursing home in 2018. The study participants’ characteristics were assessed using a demographic assessment form. Moreover, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire, Mentally Assessing Nutritional Assessment (MANA), Katz's Index of Independence in Activity of Daily Living, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and well-being were applied to assess the participants’ physical and mental status. In addition, Para-clinical and biochemical tests for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome used based on the Adult Treatment Panel (ATPIII). Results: In this study, of 129 eligible participants, 27.7% were suffering from metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of MS in male and female subjects were 26.6% and 28%, respectively.  The results of the study indicated a significant relationship between metabolic syndrome and nutritional statues (Pvalue=0.004), mental status (Pvalue=0.001) and ADL (Pvalue=0.003). Moreover, the results showed no significant relationship between well-being and metabolic syndrome. Of all variables of the study, significant relationship between smoking habit, lack of daily activity, abdominal obesity, high systolic and blood pressure, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) HDL-cholesterol, Waist Circumference (WC), systole blood pressure (SBP) were found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: The findings of the study indicated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among institutionalized elderlies is high. It is recommended to implement preventive and therapeutic measures in this vulnerable group of elderly people. Key words: Metabolic Syndrome, Elderly People, Nursing Homes, Prevalenc

Evaluation of the effect of one-stage transanal endorectal pull-through (TERPT) technique on defecation in patients with Hirschsprung’s Disease over the last 10 years in Tehran Pediatrics Medical Center

Introduction: One-stage Transanal Endorectal Pull-Through (TERPT) is one of the methods used for the treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease. The purpose of our study was to evaluate complications of surgery specially does related to defecation in patients undergoing pull-through surgery in Tehran Pediatrics Medical Center during the past 10 years.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on patients undergoing one-stage TERPT operation in Tehran Pediatrics Medical Center over the past 10 years. Exclusion Criteria included: the parent’s lack of consent to participate in the study, age below 3 years and inability to complete the checklist. For all patients, a check list was completed that included: Age, family history of the disease, readmission, follow-up period, presence of soiling, complete or partial fecal incontinence, constipation, use of laxative, use of boogie, presence or absence of RectoAnal Inhibitory Reflex (RAIR) in manometers, stricture in rectal examination and enterocolitis before and after surgery. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 19.Results: Our patients were 4.81% male and 3.9% of them had an underlying disease, such as heart or kidney disease. Only 6.81% of them had to be re-admitted due to enterocolitis. Soiling was found in 5.39% of patients, complete and partial fecal incontinence were noted in 3.2% and 7.4% of them respectively. The incidence of fecal incontinency was 7%. Constipation occurred in 6.11% of cases and 3.9% of cases did not have RAIR in manometry. The incidence of rectal stenosis was 7% and 93% of patients had transitional zone (TZ) in barium enema before the operation. The result showed that there was no significant relationship between post- operative complications in both sexes (p<0.05).Conclusion: This study shows that the complications of Endorectal Transanal pull-through surgery as a method for treatment of Hirschsprung disease are infrequent. Therefore, this method can be considered as a selective method. Further investigations are recommended to prove this matte

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Exploring the Reasons for single-hood among Girls Aged Over 33 Years Living in Tehran: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Both increase in the age of marriage and the prolonged singlehood among girls have become a major problem in Iranian society, leading to psychological and social harm. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the reasons for singlehood among girls aged over 33 years living in Tehran.Methods: This study was a qualitative content analysis. The study population consisted of single girls aged over 33 years old in Tehran, Iran. A total of 18 unmarried girls aged over 33 years were purposefully selected and studied using semi-structured interviews. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the data.Results: Data analysis resulted in 10 main categories including “university education”, “obsession with the choice of their life’s partner”, “economic problems”, “single girls’ distrust of men”, “instrumental view of marriage”, “other alternatives to marriage”, “appearance”, “escaping from responsibility”, “excessive parental strictness”, and “increase in girls’ expectations of their suitors”.Conclusion: It is necessary to take steps to prevent the increase in the age of marriage among girls by applying appropriate interventions such as changing girls’ attitudes toward marriage, educating parents to facilitate their adult children’s marriage, providing welfare facilities, and employing young persons

Immunophenotype of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Following Thermal Injury in Patients

Backgroundcontributes substantially to patient morbidity and mortality.In this study we investigatedthe range and distribution of T-lymphocyte.Subsets CD3helper/inducer cell,.th ),CD8: Severe immunosuppression occurs after large thermal burn and probably+ (T cells) CD4+ (T+ (T suppressor /Cytotoxic cells ,TS/C), CD3+CD4thermal injury.+/CD3+CD8+ ratio,CD19+ (B cells) and CD16+ (NK cells ) in patiens followingMethodsstudied.The total body surface area of the burn injury, ranged from 30 to >70%.Wholeblood samples were collected at three and seven days postburn. Partec flowcytometrysystem and triple color flowcytometry reagents (Dako Co), were used to evaluate peripheralblood lymphocytes population of patients admitted at the Motahary Burn Centerin Tehran.:Forty male, aging 18-60 years with major thermal injury wereResultsreduction in relative number of CD3postburn.CD4range in seven days following injury.CD19burn patients at both three and seven days. The number of CD16declined in three days and moderately increased on day seven,following injury.Thus, the data showed that thermal burn injury suppressed T-lymphocyte subsets proliferationin various days .In addition, all compartments of showed phenotypic changesin the 3th and seventh days after burn, in different groups of age.Thermal burn injurysuppressed T cell subsets proliferation on day 3 and 7 postburn, when compared to normalcontrols.(P <0.05) at 3 and 7 days post burn.: Compare to healthy controls, patients with burns have shown a significant+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at three and seven adys+/CD8+ ratio were below normal range in three days and remained in normal+ B cell populations were elevated in+ NK cells were significantlyConclusion factor in immunosuppression and development of sepsis in thermal burn patients.Significant changes in lymphocytes population could be an importan