Negros libres en la periferia de la esclavitud

Racial bias alone does not explain nineteen-century Cuban society’s need to simplify examine laws about its members’ skin color. In this essay I examine the topic of rigid hierarchical racial discrimination. What was the social and legal reality for free people of colour on the island? What were the gaps in the social barriers they could take in advantage to achieve mobility? I will try to answer these questions and I will make comparisons with Brazil and the United States in order to make the answers clear.El prejuicio racial por sí mismo no explica la necesidad de la sociedad cubana del siglo XIX de simplificar la legalidad del color de la piel de sus miembros. En este artículo nos introducimos en el tema de la rígida y jerárquica discriminación racial. ¿Cuál fue en la isla la realidad social y legal de la comunidad de los libres de color? ¿Qué resquicios de las barreras sociales pudieron aprovechar estos en favor de su movilidad? Trataremos de responder a estas preguntas y estableceremos comparaciones (principalmente con respecto a Brasil y Estados Unidos) con el fin de que nos ayuden a hacer más claras nuestras respuestas

El canal administrativo de los conflictos entre esclavos y amos. Causas de manumisión decididas ante síndicos en Cuba

Ombudsmen were the main interpreters for the slaves during the last century of Spanish colonialism in Cuba. People with no judicial freedom went to the community representatives to complain, ask for help and representation; their ex officio protectors, however, did not regularly act as neutral intermediaries, especially when a sum of money was involved to free the slave. The possibility of a slave being leased or changing owners became controversial subjects and lawsuits started to be settled outside the courthouses. These ombudsmen became more important and were a civil space dedicated to providing a public service in an administrative, arbitrary position that was often deemed capricious.Los síndicos fueron los principales intérpretes de los esclavos en el último siglo de colonialismo español en Cuba. Las personas sin libertad jurídica acudían a los síndicos con la finalidad de quejarse, pedir ayuda y representación; sus protectores de oficio, sin embargo, no actuaron regularmente como intermediarios neutrales, en especial cuando intervenía una cantidad de dinero para manumitir al esclavo. La posibilidad de que los siervos fueran alquilados y permutaran amo se convirtió en asunto de controversia y los pleitos comenzaron a dirimirse fuera de los tribunales. Las sindicaturas cobraron importancia y fueron un espacio civil dedicado a dar un servicio público en una dirección administrativa, arbitral y a menudo denunciada por arbitraria

ADAPTAÇÃO DE MATERIAL DIDÁTICO PARA O PROJETO UCA

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar um processo de adaptação de aulas para o contexto do Projeto UCA (Um computador por Aluno). Partindo de aulas postadas no Portal do Professor, algumas das tarefas lá disponibilizadas precisam sofrer remodelação de modo a se adequar ao contexto do UCA. Para tanto, foram adotados procedimentos que enfatizam o laptop como um veículo promotor de mediação tecnológica, a partir do qual o professor pode aplicar tarefas em aula. O processo de adaptação das aulas exigiu um trabalho interdisciplinar, de modo que a postagem das aulas estivesse de acordo com as orientações do UCA. A partir disso, observou-se que os professores podem fazer uso de material didático adaptado à sua práxis pedagógica, de modo a levar em consideração o conteúdo didático e a mediação do computador

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e. a controlling message) compared to no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly-internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared to the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly-internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing: Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

El fracaso de las compañías de seguros de esclavos: Cuba a partir de la experiencia norteamericana

Los seguros sobre la vida, en tanto empresamoderna, nacen en el mundo atlántico abarcando a toda la población, independientemente de la etnia. Sin embargo, los seguros de vida experimentaron un auge allá donde destacó la necesidad de asegurar la propiedad esclava de color: Estados Unidos y Cuba son dos grandes ejemplos. Los años clave de los seguros de vida sobre esclavos en Estados Unidos se sitúan entre mediados y finales de la década de 1840. Pero a partir de 1870 los problemas de fraude, insolvencia, y falta de nuevos contratantes hicieron menguar drásticamente el número de compañías dedicadas a esta actividad, ya exclusivamente para personas libres, abriendo una etapa nueva para la evolución del seguro laboral para las clases medias. En el caso de Cuba, hubo una relación entre la represión gradual de la trata esclavista en la década de 1850 y el crecimiento en ese período de las compañías de seguros de esclavos en esa colonia. Este artículo indaga en la experiencia cubana nutrida de la norteamericana. Ambas muestran similitudes y contrastes sorprendentes. Se pone el foco en las razones del fracaso de estas compañías en el centro económico del Caribe que la isla cubana representó en el siglo XIX