Elephant Moraine 96029, a very mildly aqueously altered and heated CM carbonaceous chondrite: Implications for the drivers of parent body processing

Elephant Moraine (EET) 96029 is a CMcarbonaceous chondrite regolith breccia with evidence for unusually mild aqueous alteration, a later phase of heating and terrestrial weathering. The presence of phyllosilicates and carbonates within chondrules and the fine-grained matrix indicates that this meteorite was aqueously altered in its parent body. Features showing that water-mediated processing was arrested at a very early stage include a matrix with a low magnesium/iron ratio, chondrules whose mesostasis contains glass and/or quench crystallites, and a gehlenite-bearing calcium- and aluminium-rich inclusion. EET 96029 is also rich in Fe,Ni metal relative to other CM chondrites, and more was present prior to its partial replacement by goethite during Antarctic weathering. In combination, these properties indicate that EET 96029 is one of the least aqueously altered CMs yet described (CM2.7) and so provides new insights into the original composition of its parent body. Following aqueous alteration, and whilst still in the parent body regolith, the meteorite was heated to ~400–600 °C by impacts or solar radiation. Heating led to the amorphisation and dehydroxylation of serpentine, replacement of tochilinite by magnetite, loss of sulphur from the matrix, and modification to the structure of organic matter that includes organic nanoglobules. Significant differences between samples in oxygen isotope compositions, and water/hydroxyl contents, suggests that the meteorite contains lithologies that have undergone different intensities of heating. EET 96029 may be more representative of the true nature of parent body regoliths than many other CM meteorites, and as such can help interpret results from the forthcoming missions to study and return samples from C-complex asteroids

Type 1 aqueous alteration in CM carbonaceous chondrites: Implications for the evolution of water-rich asteroids

The CM carbonaceous chondrite meteorites experienced aqueous alteration in the early solar system. They range from mildly altered type 2 to almost completely hydrated type 1 chondrites, and offer a record of geochemical conditions on water‐rich asteroids. We show that CM1 chondrites contain abundant (84–91 vol%) phyllosilicate, plus olivine (4–8 vol%), magnetite (2–3 vol%), Fe‐sulfide (120 °C), although higher water/rock ratios may also have played a role. The modal data provide constraints for interpreting the composition of asteroids and the mineralogy of samples returned from these bodies. We predict that “CM1‐like” asteroids, as has been proposed for Bennu—target for the OSIRIS‐REx mission—will have a high abundance of Mg‐rich phyllosilicates and Fe‐oxides, but be depleted in calcite

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

Obstructing giant post-inflammatory polyposis in ulcerative colitis: Case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Post-inflammatory polyps >15 mm in diameter or length are termed "giant". This benign and rare sequel of ulcerative colitis or colonic Crohn's disease can mimic colorectal carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: To illustrate this rare complication of inflammatory bowel disease and outline the characteristic radiological, endoscopic and histopathological features, by reviewing all previously published cases of giant post-inflammatory polyps in the English literature. RESULTS: Reports of 81 giant post-inflammatory polyps in 78 patients were identified by systematic review of the literature. The incidence of giant post-inflammatory polyps is related to the extent of ulcerative colitis (incidence: 0%, 30%, and 70%, in proctitis, left-sided, and extensive disease, respectively). These lesions are typically located in the transverse or descending colon. Giant post-inflammatory polyps are as common in Crohn's disease (n=36) as in ulcerative colitis (n=42, 54%). Clinical presentations varies, including pain (n=29), rectal bleeding (n=20), diarrhoea (n=19), luminal obstruction (n=15), or a palpable mass (n=11). Symptomatic presentation results in surgical resection. Clinical details and outcomes are comprehensively tabulated. CONCLUSION: Recognition of this rare entity will prevent unnecessary radical surgical resection for presumed carcinoma. It highlights the need for clinical, radiological, endoscopic and histopathological correlation

Caudal duplication syndrome: imaging evaluation of a rare entity in an adult patient

Several theories have been put forth to explain the complex yet symmetrical malformations and the myriad of clinical presentations of caudal duplication syndrome. Hereby, reported case is a 28-year-old female, gravida 2 para 2, with congenital caudal malformation who has undergone partial reconstructive surgeries in infancy to connect her 2 colons. She presented with recurrent left lower abdominal pain associated with nausea, vomiting, and subsequent feculent anal discharge. Imaging reveals duplication of the urinary bladder, urethra, and colon with with cloacal malformations and fistulae from the left-sided cloaca, uterus didelphys with separate cervices and vaginal canals, right-sided aortic arch and descending thoracic aorta, and dysraphic midline sacrococcygeal defect. Hydronephrosis of the left kidney with left hydroureter and inflammation of one of the colons were suspected to be the cause of the patient’s acute complaints. She improved symptomatically over the course of her hospitalization stay with conservative treatments. The management for this syndrome is individualized and may include surgical intervention to fuse or excise the duplicated organs

A machine learning approach for identifying anatomical locations of actionable findings in radiology reports

Abstract Recognizing the anatomical location of actionable findings in radiology reports is an important part of the communication of critical test results between caregivers. One of the difficulties of identifying anatomical locations of actionable findings stems from the fact that anatomical locations are not always stated in a simple, easy to identify manner. Natural language processing techniques are capable of recognizing the relevant anatomical location by processing a diverse set of lexical and syntactic contexts that correspond to the various ways that radiologists represent spatial relations. We report a precision of 86.2%, recall of 85.9%, and F 1 -measure of 86.0 for extracting the anatomical site of an actionable finding. Additionally, we report a precision of 73.8%, recall of 69.8%, and F 1 -measure of 71.8 for extracting an additional anatomical site that grounds underspecified locations. This demonstrates promising results for identifying locations, while error analysis reveals challenges under certain contexts. Future work will focus on incorporating new forms of medical language processing to improve performance and transitioning our method to new types of clinical data