Assessment of clear and cloudy sky parameterizations for daily downwelling longwave radiation over different land surfaces in Florida, USA

Clear sky downwelling longwave radiation (Rldc) and cloudy sky downwelling longwave radiation (Rld) formulas were tested across eleven sites in Florida. The Brunt equation, using air vapor pressure and temperature measurements, provides the best Rldc estimates with a root mean square error of less than around 12 Wm−2 across all sites. The Crawford and Duchon\u27s cloudiness factor with Brunt equation is recommended for Rld calculations. This combined approach requires no local calibration and estimates Rld with a root mean square error of less than around 13 Wm−2 and squared correlation coefficients that typically exceed 0.9

Shear-based Deformation Processing and Characterization of Electrical Steel Sheet

Processing of electrical steel (i.e., iron-silicon) alloys containing up to 6.5wt%Si into sheet is demonstrated by application of highly confined shear deformation in the form of metal cutting. Iron-silicon (Fe-Si) alloys, of major interest to electromagnetic applications, are characterized by poor workability. Through the interactive combination of simple shear, high strain rates, near-adiabatic heating and large hydrostatic pressure in the deformation zone, sheet and foil forms of bulk Fe-Si workpieces are created in a single deformation step

Aerodynamic Methods for Estimating Turbulent Fluxes

The exchange of energy and mass between a surface and the lowest region of the troposphere is a complex process that governs many hydrological, agricultural, and atmospheric processes. The layer of air directly affected by surface– atmosphere exchanges is strongly influenced by turbulent processes at the surface–atmosphere boundary and extends upward into the atmosphere to a height of approximately 1 km. This region is commonly referred to as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) that is uniquely characterized by turbulence resulting from mechanical (wind shear) and buoyancy (thermal) forces at or near the surface. Methods have been developed to evaluate energy/mass (heat, water vapor, trace gases, and pollutants) exchanges between the ABL and the underlying surface. In this chapter, we describe the flux gradient approach for estimating mass and energy fluxes under the rubric of aerodynamic methods. We provide some historical perspective, present fundamental equations in the context of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and introduce recent developments of an alternative method to compute heat and water vapor fluxes using turbulence variance statistics

Aerodynamic Methods for Estimating Turbulent Fluxes

The exchange of energy and mass between a surface and the lowest region of the troposphere is a complex process that governs many hydrological, agricultural, and atmospheric processes. The layer of air directly affected by surface– atmosphere exchanges is strongly influenced by turbulent processes at the surface–atmosphere boundary and extends upward into the atmosphere to a height of approximately 1 km. This region is commonly referred to as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) that is uniquely characterized by turbulence resulting from mechanical (wind shear) and buoyancy (thermal) forces at or near the surface. Methods have been developed to evaluate energy/mass (heat, water vapor, trace gases, and pollutants) exchanges between the ABL and the underlying surface. In this chapter, we describe the flux gradient approach for estimating mass and energy fluxes under the rubric of aerodynamic methods. We provide some historical perspective, present fundamental equations in the context of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and introduce recent developments of an alternative method to compute heat and water vapor fluxes using turbulence variance statistics

Hybrid winter rye bale silage quality

Bakalaureusetöö Põllumajandussaaduste tootmise ja turustamise õppekavalPaljud väiksemad ja keskmise suurusega loomakasvatusettevõtted kasutavad rullsilo valmistamise tehnoloogiat ning on huvitatud kvaliteetse ja energiarikka sööda tootmisest, mis ei nõuaks lisainvesteeringuid tehnikasse ega infrastruktuuri. Tervikkoristatud hübriid talirukki rullsilo annab neile selle võimaluse. Töö eesmärgiks on uurida, kuidas hübriid talirukis rullis sileerub, millist mõju avaldavad bioloogilised silokindlustuslisandid ja millised on hübriid talirukki rullsilo toitainete sisaldused. Töös analüüsitud rukkisilo on toodetud 2020. aastal Aama Agro OÜ põldudelt, mil rukis oli vahaküpsuse faasis. Silo tootmisel kasutati kahte bioloogilist silokindlustuslisandit (SiloSolve FC ja BioDry), lisaks tehti osa silorulle lisandita. Silodest võeti proovid 30. novembril 2020. aastal ja 21. veebruaril 2021. aastal ning viidi analüüsimiseks Eesti Maaülikooli Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituudi sööda ja ainevahetuse uurimise laborisse. Analüüsi tulemused näitasid, et tali hübriidrukki rullsilos oli kuivainet keskmiselt 39,3%, toorproteiini 5,9%, metaboliseeruvat energiat 8,35 MJ/kg kuivaines, toortuhka 4,1%, orgaanilise aine seeduvus 56,5%, hapete koguhulk oli 35g/kg kuivaines ja keskmine pH 4,25. Antud teemat tuleks põhjalikuma ülevaate saamiseks kindlasti edasi uurida.In animal husbandry industry lots of smaller and average enterprises use the round bale technology and are interested in producing high quality and nutritious animal feed that does not require extra investments into machinery or infrastructure. The use of the whole crop rye round bale silage makes it possible. The aim of the thesis paper is to find out how the whole crop rye silage fermentation works; what is the role of bacterial enzymes and what is the amount of nutrients of hybrid winter rye bale silage. The bale silage, which was tested in the current research, was produced by Aama Agro OÜ in the year 2020 when the rye was in the soft-dough stage. The bacterial enzymes SiloSolve FC and BioDry were used in the silage production. In addition, some silage bales were made without any enzymes. The sample tests from the silage were taken on 30th November 2020 and on 21st February 2021 and analysed in the labs of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of the Estonian University of Life Sciences. According to the results the hybrid winter rye bales contained 39,3% solids, 5,9% crude protein, 8,35 MJ/kg metabolising energy, 4,1% crude ash, the digestibility of an organic substance was 56,5%, the total amount of acids was 35g/kg in solids and the average pH was 4,25. A further research would definitely give a more detailed overview of the theme

Estimación de flujos de energía utilizando un modelo micrometeorológico e imágenes de satélite

El creciente interés de las comunidades científicas meteorológicas, climáticas e hidrológicas por los distintos componentes del balance energético de superficie, y especialmente por la evapotranspiración, ha fomentado el desarrollo de distintos modelos micrometeorológicos para evaluar los flujos de energía de superficie a escala local. Los recientes avances en las técnicas de teledetección satelitaria podrían permitir el seguimiento de estos flujos de energía de superficie sobre zonas extensas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los modelos actuales requieren calibraje in situ o parámetros derivados empíricamente, cosa que limita su aplicación operacional a gran escala. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una aproximación micrometeorológica que potencialmente podría ser usada de modo operacional junto con las imágenes de satélite para hacer un seguimiento de los flujos de energía de superficie a escala regional. En primer lugar, introducimos el marco y los detalles del modelo micrometeorológico propuesto, basado en una representación de parcela de dos fuentes del sistema de suelo-vegetación-atmósfera. La viabilidad del modelo se explora a escala local usando datos recogidos de dos ecosistemas completamente distintos. Por un lado, datos recogidos de un cultivo de maíz en Beltsville, Maryland, EEUU, durante la estación de crecimiento del verano del año 2004. Por el otro, datos de una campaña experimental realizada en un bosque boreal de Finlandia en el 2002. La comparación de los resultados con las medidas del suelo muestra un error de entre 15 y 60 W m-2 para la recuperación de la radiación neta, el flujo del calor del suelo, y los flujos de calor sensible y latentes en los dos [email protected]; [email protected]

Erinevate jõuvõimete osatähtsus korvpallis = Importance of different strength abilities in basketball

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5354422*es

Kehalises kasvatuses kasutatava õpetamisstiili mõju tervisega seotud kehalistele võimetele 5.-6. klassi õpilaste seas

http://www.ester.ee/record=b468962

Quality of life among non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma survivors

Most of the survivorship research to date has been based on the more common types of cancer (e.g., breast, prostate), yet less is known about the quality of life (QOL) of survivors of adult non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), the sixth most common cancer in the US with an individual lifetime risk of 1 in 50. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to develop a QOL profile of this heterogeneous group of adult NHL survivors. More specifically, the dissertation aims are to: 1) develop prevalence estimates and identify risk factors for PTSD symptomatology in 886 survivors of adult NHL, with a particular focus on potentially modifiable factors (e.g., social support, cognitive appraisals); 2) evaluate whether PTSD and PTG help to explain the role of risk factors in relating to QOL in NHL survivors, thereby enhancing our understanding of the cancer experience so that processes can be targeted for intervention; and 3) compare and contrast the QOL of individuals who reported having active NHL to those who were disease-free short-term (2-4 years postdiagnosis; STS) and long-term (greater than or equal to 5 years post-diagnosis; LTS) survivors. These aims are consistent with the Cancer Survivorship Research and Quality of Life Act of 2002, federal legislation introduced by the Lance Armstrong Foundation and a bipartisan Congressional group to expand research and quality of life programs for cancer survivors. Finally, given the recent advances in cancer therapies with the associated transition of cancer to a chronic illness with alternating periods of disease and remission, as is increasingly the case with NHL, this dissertation study also provides a window into the diverse needs of cancer survivors in general

Diurnal and Directional Responses of Chlorophyll Fluorescence and the PRI in a Cornfield

Determining the health and vigor of vegetation using high spectral resolution remote sensing is an important goal which has application to monitoring agriculture and ecosystem productivity and carbon exchange. Two spectral indices used to assess whether vegetation is performing near-optimally or exhibiting symptoms of environmental stress (e.g., drought or nutrient deficiency, non-optimal temperatures, etc.) are the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) and solar-induced red and far-red Chlorophyll Fluorescence (Fs). Both the PRI and Fs capture the dynamics of photoprotection mechanisms within green foliage: the PRI is based on the association of the reflected radiation in the green spectrum with the xanthophyll cycle, whereas Fs measures the emitted radiation in the red and far-red spectrum. Fs was determined from retrievals in the atmospheric oxygen absorption features centered at 688 and 760 nm using a modified Fraunhofer Line Depth (FLD) method. We previously demonstrated diurnal and seasonal PRI differences for sunlit vs. shaded foliage in a conifer forest canopy, as expressed in the hotspot and darkspot of the Bidirectional Reflectance Function (BRF). In a USDA-ARS experimental field site located in Beltsville, MD, USA, measurements were acquired over a corn crop from a nadir view in 2008 with an ASD FieldSpec Pro (Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA) to study the behavior of the PRI for sunlit and shaded foliage as captured in reflectance variations associated with the BRF, in a I m tall canopy in the vegetative growth stage. Those observations were compared to simulations obtained from two radiative transfer models. Measurements were then acquired to examine whether the PRI and Fs were influenced by view zenith and azimuth geometries at different times of day. Those measurements were made in 2010 with the Ocean Optics USB4000 Miniature Fiber Optic Spectrometer (Ocean Optics Inc., Dunedin, Florida, USA) at several times during the day on multiple days throughout the growing season. We found that the PRI consistently had higher values, indicating lower stress, in the BRF darkspot associated with shaded foliage than in the hotspot associated with sunlit foliage. We also found that Fs exhibited differences associated with sunlit and shaded canopy sectors, which were most pronounced for the red/far-red Fs ratio. Values indicated greater physiological stress in afternoons compared to mornings, and in the early senescent canopy as compared to the vegetative growth stage, BRFs for both the PRI and the red/far-red Fs ratio were bowl-shaped for the full azimuth sweep of the canopy. These two spectral indices (PRI, Fs ratio) provided complementary information on the photosynthetic function of the corn canopy